Table 1.

Antioxidant molecules showing efficacy in counteracting both hearing loss and Alzheimer’s disease and their molecular mechanisms (↑ increase; ↓ decrease).

Antioxidant Compound	Molecular Mechanisms	References
CoQ10, Q-ter (soluble form) and Idebeneone (Q-ter analogue)	↓ ROS ↓ antiapoptosis ↓ Aβ, ↓ pTau ↓ NF-kB ↓ pro-inflammatory cytokines ↑ SOD	[164,227,245,246,247,248,249]
Vitamin E and α-tocopherol	↑ GSH ↑ SOD	[233,234,235,236]
N-acetyl, L-cysteine (NAC)	↓ ROS ↑ GSH synthesis ↓ NF-kB	[226,227,228,230,231]
Caffeic acid	↓ ROS and RNS ↓ NF-kB and IL-1b ↑ Nrf2/HO-1 pathway ↓ pTau ↓ Aβ,	[261,290]
Curcumin	↑ Nrf2 signaling ↓ NF-kB ↓ Aβ, ↓ α-synuclein	[258,263,264,265].
Ferulic acid	↑ Nrf2/HO-1 pathway ↓ vascular damage ↓ Aβ	[245,259,291]
Rosmarinic acid	↑ Nrf2/HO-1 pathway ↓ NF-kB ↓ Tau and Aβ aggregation	[260,261,270]
Resveratrol	↑ PI3K/Akt pathway ↑ Nrf2 nuclear translocation ↓ NF-kB and MAPK pathways	[273,274,276,277,278,279]