Table 2.
Growth performance and FCR of fish species raised in biofloc in fish aquaculture.
| Species | Carbon Source | C:N Ratio | Period | Response C:N Ratio | Response | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Growth performance | |||||||
| Freshwater | Oreochromis niloticus | Molasses | 8.4:1 | 12 weeks | 8.4:1 | + | [23] |
| Molasses (salinity level 4 g/L) | 6:1 | 70 days | 6:1 | + | [23] | ||
| Molasses (salinity level 8 g/L) | 6:1 | + | |||||
| Molasses (salinity level 12 g/L) |
6:1 | - | |||||
| Molasses (salinity level 16 g/L) |
6:1 | - | |||||
| Glycerol | 15:1 | 12 weeks | 15:1 | + | [24] | ||
| Mannan oligosaccharides | 15:1 | + | |||||
| Glucose (166 organisms/m3) | 15:1 | 120 days | 15:1 | + | [41] | ||
| Glucose (333 organisms/m3) | 15:1 | + | |||||
| Glucose (600 organisms/m3) | 15:1 | + | |||||
| Glucose | 10:1, 15:1, 20:1 | 120 days | 10:1, 15:1 | + | [42] | ||
| Rice bran and molasses (1:1) (60 fish/m3) | 15:1 | 20 weeks | 15:1 | + | [43] | ||
| Rice bran and molasses (1:1) (80 fish/m3) | 15:1 | + | |||||
| Molasses | 15:1 | 30 days | 15:1 | + | [16] | ||
| Starch | 15:1 | + | |||||
| Barley flour | 15:1 | + | |||||
| Corn | 15:1 | + | |||||
| Rice bran | 15:1 | 10 weeks | 15:1 | + | [28] | ||
| Wheat-milling by-product | 15:1 | + | |||||
| Wheat flour (200 fish/m3) | 15:1 | 90 days | 15:1 | + | [30] | ||
| Wheat flour (250 fish/m3) | 15:1 | + | |||||
| Wheat flour (300 fish/m3) | 15:1 | + | |||||
| Wheat flour (350 fish/m3) | 15:1 | + | |||||
| Sucrose | >10:1 | 87 days | > 10:1 | + | [25] | ||
| Glucose | 15:1 | 8 weeks | 15:1 | + | [29] | ||
| Molasses | 10:1 | 14 days | - | × | [18] | ||
| 100% molasses | 15:1, 20:1 | 8 weeks | 15:1, 20:1 | + | [26] | ||
| 100% wheat flour | 15:1, 20:1 | + | |||||
| 75% molasses + 25% wheat flour | 15:1, 20:1 | + | |||||
| 50% molasses + 50% wheat flour | 15:1, 20:1 | + | |||||
| 25% molasses + 75% wheat flour | 15:1, 20:1 | + | |||||
| Molasses | 15:1 | 37 days | 15:1 | + | [17] | ||
| Starch | 15:1 | + | |||||
| Barley flour | 15:1 | + | |||||
| Corn | 15:1 | + | |||||
| Molasses (40 fish/m3) | 15:1 | 112 days | 15:1 | + | [31] | ||
| Molasses (80 fish/m3) | 15:1 | + | |||||
| Cyprinus carpio | Sugar (6 kg/m3) | 15:1 | 49 days | 15:1 | + | [32] | |
| Sugar (12 kg/m3) | 15:1 | + | |||||
| Glucose | 20:1 | 8 weeks | 20:1 | + | [8] | ||
| Corn starch | 15:1 | 60 days | - | × | [34] | ||
| Rice bran (4.5 kg/m3) | 20:1 | 60 days | 20:1 | + | [33] | ||
| Sugarcane molasses (4.5 kg/m3) |
- | × | |||||
| Rice bran + sugarcane molasses (4.5 kg/m3) | 20:1 | + | |||||
| Cyprinus carpio | Sugar beet molasses | 20:1 | 70 days | - | × | [35] | |
| Sugar | - | × | |||||
| Corn starch | - | × | |||||
| Sugar beet molasses | 20:1 | 10 weeks | - | × | [44] | ||
| Sugar | - | × | |||||
| Corn starch | - | × | |||||
| Molasses | 20:1 | 30 days | 20:1 | + | [36] | ||
| Clarias gariepinus | Tapioca (4 fish/L) | 10:1 | 20 days | 10:1 | + | [19] | |
| Tapioca (6 fish/L) | 10:1 | + | |||||
| Tapioca (8 fish/L) | 10:1 | + | |||||
| Sucrose | 15:1 | 6 weeks | - | × | [20] | ||
| Glycerol | - | × | |||||
| Rice bran | - | × | |||||
| Glycerol | 15:1 | 8 weeks | - | × | [37] | ||
| Carassius auratus | Starch | 15:1, 20:1, 25:1 | 56 days | 20:1, 25:1 | + | [27] | |
| Carassius auratus gibelio | Glucose | 20:1 | 8 weeks | 20:1 | + | [8] | |
| Mugil cephalus | Sucrose | 15:1 | 60 days | 15:1 | + | [21] | |
| Heteropneustes fossilis | Sugarcane molasses | 10:1 | 120 days | 10:1 | + | [29] | |
Lemon fin barb hybrid (Hypsibarbus wetmorei
 × Barboides gonionotus
 ) |
Glycerol | 15:1 | 8 weeks | 15:1 | + | [37] | |
| Lepomis macrochirus | Corn starch | 15:1 | 32 days | 15:1 | - | [39] | |
| Sucrose-sugar | 15:1 | - | |||||
| Labeo rohita | Tapioca | 15:1 | 60 days | 15:1 | + | [45] | |
| Wheat | 15:1 | + | |||||
| Corn | 15:1 | + | |||||
| Sugar bagasse | 15:1 | + | |||||
| Seawater | Paralichthys olivaceus | Glucose | <10:1 | 4 months | 10:1 | + | [27] |
| Oreochromis niloticus sp. | Cornmeal + molasses 120 fish/m3) |
15:1 | 7 weeks | - | × | [13] | |
| Cornmeal + molasses (240 fish/m3) |
- | × | |||||
| Feed conversion rate (FCR) | |||||||
| Freshwater | Oreochromis niloticus | Molasses | 8.4:1 | 12 weeks | 8.4:1 | - | [22] |
| Molasses (salinity level 4 g/L) | 6:1 | 70 days | - | × | [23] | ||
| Molasses (salinity level 8 g/L) | - | × | |||||
| Molasses (salinity level 12 g/L) |
- | × | |||||
| Molasses (salinity level 16 g/L) |
6:1 | + | |||||
| Glycerol | 15:1 | 12 weeks | 15:1 | - | [24] | ||
| Mannan oligosaccharides | 15:1 | - | |||||
| Glucose (166 organisms/m3) | 15:1 | 120 days | 15:1 | - | [41] | ||
| Glucose (333 organisms/m3) | 15:1 | - | |||||
| Glucose (600 organisms/m3) | 15:1 | - | |||||
| Glucose | 10:1, 15:1, 20:1 | 120 days | 10:1, 15:1 | + | [42] | ||
| Rice bran and molasses (1:1) (60 fish/m3) | 15:1 | 20 weeks | 15:1 | - | [43] | ||
| Rice bran and molasses (1:1) (80 fish/m3) | 15:1 | - | |||||
| Rice bran | 15:1 | 10 weeks | 15:1 | - | [28] | ||
| Wheat-milling by-product | 15:1 | - | |||||
| Sucrose | > 10:1 | 87 days | > 10:1 | - | [25] | ||
| Glucose | 15:1 | 8 weeks | 15:1 | - | [43] | ||
| 100% molasses | 15:1, 20:1 | 8 weeks | 15:1, 20:1 | - | [26] | ||
| 100% wheat flour | 15:1, 20:1 | - | |||||
| 75% molasses + 25% wheat flour | 15:1, 20:1 | - | |||||
| 50% molasses + 50% wheat flour | 15:1, 20:1 | - | |||||
| 25% molasses + 75% wheat flour | 15:1, 20:1 | - | |||||
| Molasses | 15:1 | 37 days | 15:1 | + | [17] | ||
| Starch | 15:1 | + | |||||
| Barley flour | 15:1 | + | |||||
| Corn | 15:1 | + | |||||
| Molasses (40 fish/m3) | 15:1 | 112 days | 15:1 | + | [33] | ||
| Molasses (80 fish/m3) | 15:1 | + | |||||
| Cyprinus carpio | Sugar (6 kg/m3) | 15:1 | 49 days | 15:1 | - | [32] | |
| Sugar (12 kg/m3) | 15:1 | - | |||||
| Glucose | 20:1 | 8 weeks | 20:1 | - | [8] | ||
| Corn starch | 15:1 | 60 days | 15:1 | - | [34] | ||
| Rice bran | 20:1 | 60 days | 20:1 | - | [33] | ||
| Sugarcane molasses | - | × | |||||
| Rice bran + sugarcane molasses | 20:1 | - | |||||
| Sugar beet molasses | 20:1 | 70 days | 20:1 | - | [35] | ||
| Sugar | 20:1 | - | |||||
| Corn starch | 20:1 | - | |||||
| Sugar beet molasses | 20:1 | 10 weeks | 20:1 | - | [44] | ||
| Sugar | 20:1 | - | |||||
| Corn starch | 20:1 | - | |||||
| Clarias gariepinus | Tapioca (4 fish/L) | 10:1 | 20 days | 10:1 | - | [19] | |
| Tapioca (6 fish/L) | 10:1 | - | |||||
| Tapioca (8 fish/L) | 10:1 | - | |||||
| Glycerol | 15:1 | 8 weeks | - | × | [37] | ||
| Carassius auratus | Starch | 15:1, 20:1, 25:1 | 56 days | 20:1, 25:1 | - | [27] | |
| Carassius auratus gibelio | Glucose | 20:1 | 8 weeks | 20:1 | - | [8] | |
| Mugil cephalus | Sucrose | 15:1 | 60 days | 15:1 | - | [21] | |
| Heteropneustes fossilis | Sugarcane molasses | 10:1 | 120 days | 10:1 | - | [38] | |
| Lemon fin barb hybrid (Hypsibarbus wetmorei
× Barboides gonionotus
) |
Glycerol | 15:1 | 8 weeks | 15:1 | - | [37] | |
| Labeo rohita | Tapioca | 15:1 | 60 days | 15:1 | - | [45] | |
| Wheat | 15:1 | - | |||||
| Corn | 15:1 | - | |||||
| Sugar bagasse | 15:1 | - | |||||
| Seawater | Oreochromis niloticus sp. | Cornmeal + molasses (120 fish/m3) |
15:1 | 7 weeks | - | × | [13] |
| Cornmeal + molasses (240 fish/m3) |
- | × | |||||
+, increased, - decreased, and × no change in survival rate.