Table 4.
Antioxidant responses of fish species raised in the biofloc in fish aquaculture.
| Species | Carbon Source | C:N Ratio | Period | Target Organs | Response C:N Ratio | Response | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) | ||||||||
| Freshwater | Cyprinus carpio | Sugar beet molasses | 20:1 | 10 weeks | Serum | 20:1 | + | [44] |
| Sugar | 20:1 | + | ||||||
| Corn starch | 20:1 | + | ||||||
| Opsariichthys kaopingensis | Glucose | 15:1, 20:1, 25:1 | 28 days | Gills | 20:1, 25:1 | + | [68] | |
| Kidney | 15:1, 20:1 25:1 | + | ||||||
| Brain | 20:1 | + | ||||||
| Liver | 20:1 | + | ||||||
| Gut | 15:1, 20:1, 25:1 | + | ||||||
| Serum | 20:1, 25:1 | + | ||||||
| Carassius auratus | Anhydrous glucose | 10:1, 15:1, 20:1, 25:1 | 8 weeks | Gut | 15:1, 20:1, 25:1 | + | [79] | |
| Kidney | 10:1, 15:1, 20:1, 25:1 | + | ||||||
| Liver | 15:1, 20:1, 25:1 | + | ||||||
| Channa argus | Glucose | 10:1, 15:1, 20:1 | 8 weeks | Liver | 15:1 | + | [80] | |
| Intestine | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| Supero×ide dismutase (SOD) | ||||||||
| Freshwater | Oreochromis niloticus | Wheat-milling by-product | 15:1 | 10 weeks | Plasma | 15:1 | + | [28] |
| Rice bran | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| Glycerol (140 fish/m3) | 15:1 | 98 days | Serum | 15:1 | + | [47] | ||
| Glycerol (280 fish/m3) | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| Molasses (140 fish/m3) | 15:1 | 98 days | Serum | - | × | |||
| Molasses (280 fish/m3) | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| Starch (140 fish/m3) | 15:1 | 98 days | Serum | - | × | |||
| Starch (280 fish/m3) | - | × | ||||||
| Glucose (166 organisms/m3) |
15:1 | 120 days | Liver | 15:1 | + | [41] | ||
| Glucose (333 organisms/m3) |
15:1 | + | ||||||
| Glucose (600 organisms/m3) |
- | × | ||||||
| Wheat flour (200 fish/m3) |
15:1 | 90 days | Liver | 15:1 | - | [30] | ||
| Wheat flour (250 fish/m3) |
15:1 | - | ||||||
| Wheat flour (300 fish/m3) |
15:1 | - | ||||||
| Wheat flour (350 fish/m3) |
15:1 | - | ||||||
| Glucose | 10:1, 15:1, 20:1 | 120 days | Liver | 10:1, 15:1 | + | [42] | ||
| 20:1 | - | |||||||
| Spentwash | 10:1 | 180 days | Serum | 10:1 | + | [73] | ||
| Molasses | 14:1, 17:1, 20:1 | 62 days | Liver | - | × | [86] | ||
| Cyprinus carpio | Sugar beet molasses | 20:1 | 10 weeks | Serum | - | × | [44] | |
| Sugar | - | × | ||||||
| Corn starch | - | × | ||||||
| Sugar (6 kg/m3) | 15:1 | 49 days | Serum | - | × | [32] | ||
| Sugar (12 kg/m3) | - | × | ||||||
| Rice bran | 20:1 | 60 days | Serum | - | × | [33] | ||
| Sugarcane molasses | 20:1 | + | ||||||
| Rice bran + sugarcane molasses | 20:1 | + | ||||||
| Opsariichthys kaopingensis | Glucose | 15:1, 20:1, 25:1 | 28 days | Gills | 20:1 | + | [68] | |
| Kidney | 15:1, 20:1 25:1 | + | ||||||
| Brain | 15:1, 20:1 | + | ||||||
| Liver | 20:1 | + | ||||||
| Liver | 15:1, 25:1 | - | ||||||
| Gut | 15:1, 20:1, 25:1 | + | ||||||
| Serum | 15:1, 20:1, 25:1 | + | ||||||
| Carassius auratus | Anhydrous glucose | 10:1, 15:1, 20:1, 25:1 | 8 weeks | Gut | 10:1, 15:1, 20:1, 25:1 | + | [79] | |
| Kidney | 15:1, 20:1, 25:1 | + | ||||||
| Liver | 15:1, 20:1, 25:1 | + | ||||||
| Pangasianodon hypophthalmus | Tapioca | 15:1 | 90 days | Serum | 15:1 | + | [55] | |
| Sorghum | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| Pearl millet | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| Finger millet | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| Channa argus | Glucose | 10:1, 15:1, 20:1 | 8 weeks | Liver | 15:1, 20:1 | + | [80] | |
| Intestine | 10:1, 15:1, 20:1 | + | ||||||
| Brackish water | Chanos chanos | Sorghum | 15:1 | 45 days | Liver | 15:1 | - | [58] |
| 90 days | - | × | ||||||
| Potato | 15:1 | 45 days | Liver | - | × | |||
| 90 days | - | × | ||||||
| Yam | 15:1 | 45 days | Liver | 15:1 | - | |||
| 90 days | 15:1 | - | ||||||
| Glucose | 15:1 | 45 days | Liver | 15:1 | - | |||
| 90 days | - | × | ||||||
| Seawater | Oreochromis niloticus sp. | Cornmeal + molasses (120 fish/m3) | 15:1 | 7 weeks | Liver | 15:1 | + | [13] |
| Cornmeal + molasses (240 fish/m3) | - | × | ||||||
| Catalase (CAT) | ||||||||
| Freshwater | Oreochromis niloticus | Wheat-milling by-product | 15:1 | 10 weeks | Plasma | 15:1 | + | [28] |
| Rice bran | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| Glycerol (140 fish/m3) | 15:1 | 98 days | Serum | 15:1 | + | [47] | ||
| Glycerol (280 fish/m3) | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| Molasses (140 fish/m3) | 15:1 | 98 days | Serum | - | × | |||
| Molasses (280 fish/m3) | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| Starch (140 fish/m3) | 15:1 | 98 days | Serum | - | × | |||
| Starch (280 fish/m3) | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| Wheat flour (200 fish/m3) |
15:1 | 90 days | Liver | 15:1 | - | [63] | ||
| Wheat flour (250 fish/m3) |
15:1 | - | ||||||
| Wheat flour (300 fish/m3) |
15:1 | - | ||||||
| Wheat flour (350 fish/m3) |
15:1 | - | ||||||
| Spentwash | 10:1 | 180 days | Serum | 10:1 | + | [73] | ||
| Molasses | 14:1, 17:1, 20:1 | 62 days | Liver | - | × | [86] | ||
| Molasses (15% food reduction) (500 fish/m3) |
15:1 | 53 days | Skin mucus | - | × | [87] | ||
| Molasses (30% food reduction) (500 fish/m3) |
15:1 | - | ||||||
| Molasses (45% food reduction) (500 fish/m3) |
15:1 | - | ||||||
| Molasses (100% food reduction) (500 fish/m3) |
15:1 | - | ||||||
| Molasses (15% food reduction) (1000 fish/m3) |
15:1 | 53 days | Skin mucus | - | × | |||
| Molasses (30% food reduction) (1000 fish/m3) |
15:1 | - | ||||||
| Molasses (45% food reduction) (1000 fish/m3) |
15:1 | - | ||||||
| Molasses (100% food reduction) (1000 fish/m3) |
15:1 | - | ||||||
| Cyprinus carpio | Sugar (6 kg/m3) | 15:1 | 49 days | Serum | 15:1 | + | [32] | |
| Sugar (12 kg/m3) | 15:1 | - | ||||||
| Rice bran | 20:1 | 60 days | Serum | 20:1 | + | [33] | ||
| Sugarcane molasses | 20:1 | + | ||||||
| Rice bran + sugarcane molasses | 20:1 | + | ||||||
| Opsariichthys kaopingensis | Glucose | 15:1, 20:1, 25:1 | 28 days | Gills | 20:1 | + | [68] | |
| Kidney | 20:1, 25:1 | + | ||||||
| Brain | 15:1, 20:1, 25:1 | + | ||||||
| Liver | 20:1, 25:1 | + | ||||||
| Gut | 15:1, 20:1, 25:1 | + | ||||||
| Serum | 20:1, 25:1 | + | ||||||
| Carassius auratus | Anhydrous glucose | 10:1, 15:1, 20:1, 25:1 | 8 weeks | Gut | 10:1, 15:1, 20:1, 25:1 | + | [79] | |
| Kidney | 15:1, 20:1, 25:1 | + | ||||||
| Liver | 10:1, 15:1, 20:1, 25:1 | + | ||||||
| Pangasianodon hypophthalmus | Tapioca | 15:1 | 90 days | Serum | 15:1 | + | [55] | |
| Sorghum | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| Pearl millet | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| Finger millet | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| Channa argus | Glucose | 10:1, 15:1, 20:1 | 8 weeks | Liver | 10:1, 15:1, 20:1 | + | [80] | |
| Intestine | 15:1, 20:1 | + | ||||||
| Brackish water | Chanos chanos | Sorghum | 15:1 | 45 days | Liver | 15:1 | - | [58] |
| 90 days | - | × | ||||||
| Potato | 15:1 | 45 days | Liver | 15:1 | - | |||
| 90 days | - | × | ||||||
| Yam | 15:1 | 45 days | Liver | 15:1 | - | |||
| 90 days | 15:1 | - | ||||||
| Glucose | 15:1 | 45 days | Liver | 15:1 | - | |||
| 90 days | 15:1 | - | ||||||
| Seawater | Oreochromis niloticus sp. | Cornmeal + molasses (120 fish/m3) | 15:1 | 7 weeks | Liver | - | × | [13] |
| Cornmeal + molasses (240 fish/m3) | - | × | ||||||
| Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) | ||||||||
| Freshwater | Oreochromis niloticus | Glucose | 15:1 | 8 weeks | Serum | 15:1 | + | [29] |
| Cyprinus carpio | Sugar beet molasses | 20:1 | 10 weeks | Serum | 20:1 | + | [44] | |
| Sugar | 20:1 | - | ||||||
| Corn starch | 20:1 | - | ||||||
| Sugar (6 kg/m3) | 15:1 | 49 days | Serum | 15:1 | + | [32] | ||
| Sugar (12 kg/m3) | 15:1 | - | ||||||
| Rice bran | 20:1 | 60 days | Serum | - | × | [33] | ||
| Sugarcane molasses | - | × | ||||||
| Rice bran + sugarcane molasses | 20:1 | + | ||||||
| Opsariichthys kaopingensis | Glucose | 15:1, 20:1, 25:1 | 28 days | Gills | 20:1, 25:1 | + | [68] | |
| Kidney | 20:1, 25:1 | + | ||||||
| Brain | 15:1, 20:1, 25:1 | + | ||||||
| Liver | 20:1 | + | ||||||
| Gut | 20:1 | + | ||||||
| Serum | 20:1, 25:1 | + | ||||||
| Carassius auratus | Anhydrous glucose | 10:1, 15:1, 20:1, 25:1 | 8 weeks | Gut | 10:1, 15:1, 20:1, 25:1 | + | [79] | |
| Kidney | 10:1, 15:1, 20:1, 25:1 | + | ||||||
| Liver | 15:1, 20:1, 25:1 | + | ||||||
| Channa argus | Glucose | 10:1, 15:1, 20:1 | 8 weeks | Liver | 15:1, | + | [80] | |
| Intestine | 10:1, 15:1, 20:1 | + | ||||||
| Seawater | Oreochromis niloticus sp. | Cornmeal + molasses (120 fish/m3) | 15:1 | 7 weeks | Liver | - | × | [13] |
| Cornmeal + molasses (240 fish/m3) | - | × | ||||||
| Glutathione reductase (GR) | ||||||||
| Freshwater | Oreochromis niloticus | Glycerol (140 fish/m3) | 15:1 | 98 days | Serum | 15:1 | + | [47] |
| Glycerol (280 fish/m3) | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| Molasses (140 fish/m3) | 15:1 | 98 days | Serum | - | × | |||
| Molasses (280 fish/m3) | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| Starch (140 fish/m3) | 15:1 | 98 days | Serum | - | × | |||
| Starch (280 fish/m3) | - | × | ||||||
| Seawater | Oreochromis niloticus sp. | Cornmeal + molasses (120 fish/m3) | 15:1 | 7 weeks | Liver | - | × | [13] |
| Cornmeal + molasses (240 fish/m3) | - | × | ||||||
| Reduced glutathione (GSH) | ||||||||
| Freshwater | Oreochromis niloticus | Glucose (166 organisms/m3) |
15:1 | 120 days | Liver | 15:1 | + | [41] |
| Glucose (333 organisms/m3) |
15:1 | + | ||||||
| Glucose (600 organisms/m3) |
- | × | ||||||
| Glucose | 10:1, 15:1, 20:1 | 120 days | Liver | 10:1, 15:1 | + | [42] | ||
| Malondialdehyde (MDA) | ||||||||
| Freshwater | Oreochromis niloticus | Glucose (166 organisms/m3) |
15:1 | 120 days | Liver | 15:1 | + | [41] |
| Glucose (333 organisms/m3) |
15:1 | + | ||||||
| Glucose (600 organisms/m3) |
- | × | ||||||
| Glucose | 10:1, 15:1, 20:1 | 120 days | Liver | 10:1, 15:1 | + | [42] | ||
| Cyprinus carpio | Sugar (6 kg/m3) | 15:1 | 49 days | Serum | 15:1 | + | [72] | |
| Sugar (12 kg/m3) | 15:1 | - | ||||||
| Rice bran | 20:1 | 60 days | Serum | - | × | [33] | ||
| Sugarcane molasses | 20:1 | - | ||||||
| Rice bran + sugarcane molasses | - | × | ||||||
| Clarias gariepinus | Sucrose | 15:1 | 6 weeks | Muscle | - | × | [20] | |
| Glycerol | - | × | ||||||
| Rice bran | - | × | ||||||
| Opsariichthys kaopingensis | Glucose | 15:1, 20:1, 25:1 | 28 days | Gills | - | × | [68] | |
| Kidney | 20:1 | - | ||||||
| Brain | - | × | ||||||
| Liver | 20:1, 25:1 | - | ||||||
| Gut | 20:1 | - | ||||||
| Serum | 15:1, 20:1, 25:1 | - | ||||||
| Carassius auratus | Anhydrous glucose | 10:1, 15:1, 20:1, 25:1 | 8 weeks | Gut | 20:1, 25:1 | - | [79] | |
| Kidney | 20:1, 25:1 | - | ||||||
| Liver | 15:1, 20:1, 25:1 | - | ||||||
| Channa argus | Glucose | 10:1, 15:1, 20:1 | 8 weeks | Liver | 15:1 | - | [80] | |
| Intestine | 10:1, 15:1, 20:1 | - | ||||||
| Seawater | Oreochromis niloticus sp. | Cornmeal + molasses (120 fish/m3) | 15:1 | 7 weeks | Liver | - | × | [13] |
| Cornmeal + molasses (240 fish/m3) | - | × | ||||||
+, increased, - decreased, and × no change in survival rate.