Table 5.
Immune responses of fish species raised in the biofloc in fish aquaculture.
| Species | Carbon Source | C:N Ratio | Period | Target Organs | Response C:N Ratio | Response | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phagocytosis | ||||||||
| Freshwater | Oreochromis niloticus | Wheat-milling by-product | 15:1 | 10 weeks | Macrophages | 15:1 | + | [28] |
| Rice bran | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| Clarias gariepinus | Tapioca flour (4 fish/L) |
10:1 | 20 days | Blood | - | × | [19] | |
| Tapioca flour (6 fish/L) |
- | × | ||||||
| Tapioca flour (8 fish/L) |
10:1 | + | ||||||
| Total immunoglobulin | ||||||||
| Freshwater | Oreochromis niloticus | Wheat-milling by-product | 15:1 | 10 weeks | Plasma | 15:1 | + | [28] |
| Rice bran | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| Molasses (15% food reduction) (500 fish/m3) |
15:1 | 53 days | Skin mucus | - | × | [87] | ||
| Molasses (30% food reduction) (500 fish/m3) |
- | × | ||||||
| Molasses (45% food reduction) (500 fish/m3) |
- | × | ||||||
| Molasses (100% food reduction) (500 fish/m3) |
15:1 | - | ||||||
| Molasses (15% food reduction) (1000 fish/m3) |
15:1 | 53 days | Skin mucus | - | × | |||
| Molasses (30% food reduction) (1000 fish/m3) |
- | × | ||||||
| Molasses (45% food reduction) (1000 fish/m3) |
- | × | ||||||
| Molasses (100% food reduction) (1000 fish/m3) |
- | × | ||||||
| Labeo rohita | Tapioca | 15:1 | 20 days | Plasma | - | × | [45] | |
| 40 days | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| 60 days | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| Wheat | 15:1 | 20 days | Plasma | - | × | |||
| 40 days | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| 60 days | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| Corn | 15:1 | 20 days | Plasma | - | × | |||
| 40 days | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| 60 days | - | × | ||||||
| Sugar bagasse | 15:1 | 20 days | Plasma | 15:1 | - | |||
| 40 days | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| 60 days | - | × | ||||||
| Cyprinus carpio | Sugar beet molasses | 20:1 | 10 weeks | Serum | 20:1 | + | [44] | |
| Sugar | 20:1 | + | ||||||
| Corn starch | 20:1 | + | ||||||
| Immunoglobulin M (IgM) | ||||||||
| Freshwater | Oreochromis niloticus | Glycerol | 15:1 | 12 weeks | Serum | 15:1 | + | [24] |
| Mannan oligosaccharides | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| Cyprinus carpio | Rice bran | 20:1 | 60 days | Serum | 20:1 | + | [33] | |
| Sugarcane molasses | 20:1 | + | ||||||
| Rice bran + sugarcane molasses | 20:1 | + | ||||||
| Channa argus | Glucose | 10:1, 15:1, 20:1 | 8 weeks | Serum | - | × | [80] | |
| Kidney | 15:1, 20:1 | + | ||||||
| Seawater | Paralichthys olivaceus | Glucose | 10:1 | 4 months | Plasma | 10:1 | + | [28] |
| Lysozyme activity | ||||||||
| Freshwater | Oreochromis niloticus | Wheat-milling by-product | 15:1 | 10 weeks | Plasma | 15:1 | + | [28] |
| Rice bran | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| Sucrose | >10:1 | 87 days | Hepatopancreas | - | × | [25] | ||
| Head kidney | - | × | ||||||
| Serum | - | × | ||||||
| Glucose | 15:1 | 8 weeks | Serum | 15:1 | + | [29] | ||
| Glucose (166 organisms/m3) |
15:1 | 120 days | Liver | 15:1 | + | [41] | ||
| Glucose (333 organisms/m3) |
15:1 | + | ||||||
| Glucose (600 organisms/m3) |
15:1 | - | ||||||
| Wheat flour (200 fish/m3) |
15:1 | 90 days | Serum | 15:1 | + | [30] | ||
| Wheat flour (250 fish/m3) |
15:1 | + | ||||||
| Wheat flour (300 fish/m3) |
15:1 | + | ||||||
| Wheat flour (350 fish/m3) |
15:1 | + | ||||||
| Glycerol | 15:1 | 12 weeks | Serum | 15:1 | + | [24] | ||
| Mannan oligosaccharides | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| Glucose | 10:1, 15:1, 20:1 | 120 days | Liver | 10:1, 15:1, 20:1 | + | [42] | ||
| Molasses (15% food reduction) (500 fish/m3) |
15:1 | 53 days | Skin mucus | - | × | [87] | ||
| Molasses (30% food reduction) (500 fish/m3) |
15:1 | - | ||||||
| Molasses (45% food reduction) (500 fish/m3) |
15:1 | - | ||||||
| Molasses (100% food reduction) (500 fish/m3) |
15:1 | - | ||||||
| Molasses (15% food reduction) (1000 fish/m3) |
15:1 | 53 days | Skin mucus | - | × | |||
| Molasses (30% food reduction) (1000 fish/m3) |
- | × | ||||||
| Molasses (45% food reduction) (1000 fish/m3) |
15:1 | - | ||||||
| Molasses (100% food reduction) (1000 fish/m3) |
15:1 | - | ||||||
| Labeo rohita | Tapioca | 15:1 | 20 days | Serum | - | × | [45] | |
| 40 days | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| 60 days | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| Wheat | 15:1 | 20 days | Serum | 15:1 | + | |||
| 40 days | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| 60 days | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| Corn | 15:1 | 20 days | Serum | - | × | |||
| 40 days | - | × | ||||||
| 60 days | 15:1 | - | ||||||
| Sugar bagasse | 15:1 | 20 days | Serum | - | × | |||
| 40 days | - | × | ||||||
| 60 days | - | × | ||||||
| Cyprinus carpio | Sugar beet molasses | 20:1 | 10 weeks | Serum | - | × | [44] | |
| Sugar | - | × | ||||||
| Corn starch | - | × | ||||||
| Sugar (6 kg/m3) | 15:1 | 49 days | Serum | 15:1 | × | [32] | ||
| Sugar (12 kg/m3) | 15:1 | × | ||||||
| Rice bran | 20:1 | 60 days | Serum | 20:1 | + | [33] | ||
| Sugarcane molasses | - | × | ||||||
| Rice bran + sugarcane molasses | - | × | ||||||
| Opsariichthys kaopingensis | Glucose | 15:1, 20:1, 25:1 | 28 days | Gills | 20:1 | + | [68] | |
| Kidney | 15:1, 20:1 25:1 | + | ||||||
| Brain | 20:1 | + | ||||||
| Liver | 20:1, 25:1 | + | ||||||
| Gut | 15:1, 20:1, 25:1 | + | ||||||
| Carassius auratus | Anhydrous glucose | 10:1, 15:1, 20:1, 25:1 | 8 weeks | Gut | 15:1, 20:1, 25:1 | + | [79] | |
| Kidney | 15:1, 20:1, 25:1 | + | ||||||
| Liver | 20:1, 25:1 | + | ||||||
| Channa argus | Glucose | 10:1, 15:1, 20:1 | 8 weeks | Serum | 10:1, 15:1, 20:1 | + | [80] | |
| Kidney | 15:1, 20:1 | + | ||||||
| Myeloperoxidase (MPO) | ||||||||
| Freshwater | Oreochromis niloticus | Wheat-milling by-product | 15:1 | 10 weeks | Blood | 15:1 | + | [28] |
| Rice bran | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| Wheat flour (200 fish/m3) |
15:1 | 90 days | Serum | 15:1 | + | [30] | ||
| Wheat flour (250 fish/m3) |
15:1 | + | ||||||
| Wheat flour (300 fish/m3) |
15:1 | + | ||||||
| Wheat flour (350 fish/m3) |
- | × | ||||||
| Spentwash | 10:1 | 180 days | Serum | 10:1 | + | [73] | ||
| Labeo rohita | Tapioca | 15:1 | 20 days | Serum | 15:1 | - | [45] | |
| 40 days | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| 60 days | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| Wheat | 15:1 | 20 days | Serum | 15:1 | - | |||
| 40 days | - | × | ||||||
| 60 days | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| Corn | 15:1 | 20 days | Serum | 15:1 | - | |||
| 40 days | - | × | ||||||
| 60 days | - | × | ||||||
| Sugar bagasse | 15:1 | 20 days | Serum | 15:1 | - | |||
| 40 days | - | × | ||||||
| 60 days | - | × | ||||||
| Respiratory burst activity | ||||||||
| Freshwater | Oreochromis niloticus | Wheat-milling by-product | 15:1 | 10 weeks | Leucocytes | 15:1 | + | [28] |
| Rice bran | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| Wheat flour (200 fish/m3) |
15:1 | 90 days | Phagocytes | 15:1 | + | [30] | ||
| Wheat flour (250 fish/m3) |
15:1 | + | ||||||
| Wheat flour (300 fish/m3) |
15:1 | + | ||||||
| Wheat flour (350 fish/m3) |
15:1 | + | ||||||
| Labeo rohita | Tapioca | 15:1 | 20 days | Leucocytes | 15:1 | + | [45] | |
| 40 days | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| 60 days | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| Wheat | 15:1 | 20 days | Leucocytes | 15:1 | + | |||
| 40 days | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| 60 days | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| Corn | 15:1 | 20 days | Leucocytes | - | × | |||
| 40 days | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| 60 days | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| Sugar bagasse | 15:1 | 20 days | Leucocytes | 15:1 | × | |||
| 40 days | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| 60 days | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| Brackish water | Chanos chanos | Sorghum | 15:1 | 45 days | Phagocytes | 15:1 | + | [58] |
| 90 days | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| Potato | 15:1 | 45 days | Phagocytes | 15:1 | + | |||
| 90 days | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| Yam | 15:1 | 45 days | Phagocytes | 15:1 | + | |||
| 90 days | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| Glucose | 15:1 | 45 days | Phagocytes | 15:1 | + | |||
| 90 days | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| Alterative complement activity (ACH50) | ||||||||
| Freshwater | Oreochromis niloticus | Wheat-milling by-product | 15:1 | 10 weeks | Plasma | 15:1 | + | [28] |
| Rice bran | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| Cyprinus carpio | Sugar beet molasses | 20:1 | 10 weeks | Serum | - | × | [44] | |
| Sugar | - | × | ||||||
| Corn starch | - | × | ||||||
| Sugar (6 kg/m3) | 15:1 | 49 days | Serum | 15:1 | × | [32] | ||
| Sugar (12 kg/m3) | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| Rice bran | 20:1 | 60 days | Serum | 20:1 | + | [30] | ||
| Sugarcane molasses | 20:1 | + | ||||||
| Rice bran + sugarcane molasses | 20:1 | + | ||||||
| Complement 3 (C3) | ||||||||
| Freshwater | Oreochromis niloticus | Glucose (166 organisms/m3) |
15:1 | 120 days | Liver | 15:1 | + | [41] |
| Glucose (333 organisms/m3) |
15:1 | + | ||||||
| Glucose (600 organisms/m3) |
15:1 | - | ||||||
| Glucose | 10:1, 15:1, 20:1 | 120 days | Liver | 15:1, 20:1 | + | [42] | ||
| Channa argus | Glucose | 10:1, 15:1, 20:1 | 8 weeks | Serum | 10:1, 15:1 | + | [80] | |
| Kidney | 15:1 | + | ||||||
| Complement 4 (C4) | ||||||||
| Freshwater | Channa argus | Glucose | 10:1, 15:1, 20:1 | 8 weeks | Serum | 10:1, 15:1, 20:1 | + | [80] |
| Kidney | 10:1, 15:1, 20:1 | + | ||||||
+, increased, - decreased, and × no change in survival rate.