Table 1.
Participants’ sociodemographic and US characteristics.
| Variables | Total Sample (n = 49) |
Gender | Side | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male (n = 24) | Female (n = 25) | Left (n = 48) | Right (n = 50) | ||
| Body Composition Characteristics | |||||
| Age (y) | 22.0 ± 6.1 | 23.2 ± 7.0 | 20.1 ± 4.9 | - | - |
| Height (m) * | 1.72 ± 0.08 | 1.79 ± 0.05 | 1.67 ± 0.06 | - | - |
| Weight (kg) * | 71.6 ± 13.7 | 78.8 ± 10.3 | 65.0 ± 13.2 | - | - |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.0 ± 4.4 | 24.7 ± 3.8 | 23.4 ± 4.9 | - | - |
| Fat mass | |||||
| Total mass (kg) * | 17.3 ± 9.5 | 14.2 ± 8.5 | 20.1 ± 9.6 | - | - |
| Total percentage (%) * | 23.7 ± 10.3 | 17.3 ± 8.2 | 29.6 ± 8.3 | - | - |
| Trunk mass (kg) ** | 8.7 ± 5.2 | 7.4 ± 4.8 | 10.0 ± 5.2 | - | - |
| Trunk percentage (%) * | 11.8 ± 5.6 | 8.9 ± 4.8 | 14.5 ± 4.9 | - | - |
| Lean Mass | |||||
| Total mass (kg) * | 41.0 ± 17.0 | 49.7 ± 17.6 | 33.1 ± 11.8 | - | - |
| Total percentage (%) * | 57.0 ± 19.8 | 63.2 ± 21.2 | 51.3 ± 16.6 | - | - |
| Trunk mass (kg) * | 26.9 ± 6.9 | 31.7 ± 6.1 | 22.4 ± 4.2 | - | - |
| Trunk percentage (%) * | 37.6 ± 6.9 | 40.5 ± 7.0 | 34.9 ± 5.6 | - | - |
| Water volume (L) * | 40.0 ± 8.3 | 47.2 ± 4.8 | 33.4 ± 4.4 | - | - |
| Lumbar Multifidus Ultrasound Characteristics | |||||
| Cross-sectional area (cm2) ** | 5.2 ± 3.7 | 6.4 ± 4.3 | 4.4 ± 2.8 | 5.5 ± 4.0 | 5.6 ± 4.3 |
| Muscle perimeter (cm) ** | 8.6 ± 3.4 | 9.6 ± 3.9 | 7.8 ± 2.6 | 8.5 ± 3.3 | 8.5 ± 3.4 |
| Circularity (0–1) | 0.84 ± 0.05 | 0.83 ± 0.05 | 0.84 ± 0.05 | 0.83 ± 0.04 | 0.84 ± 0.05 |
| Aspect ratio | 1.46 ± 0.22 | 1.44 ± 0.25 | 1.48 ± 0.22 | 1.46 ± 0.25 | 1.46 ± 0.22 |
| Roundness | 0.70 ± 0.10 | 0.71 ± 0.11 | 0.68 ± 0.09 | 0.70 ± 0.11 | 0.70 ± 0.10 |
| Solidity | 0.98 ± 0.02 | 0.98 ± 0.02 | 0.99 ± 0.01 | 0.99 ± 0.02 | 0.99 ± 0.02 |
| Mean echo intensity (0–255) * | 44.9 ± 10.8 | 40.9 ± 8.7 | 48.2 ± 11.6 | 44.7 ± 11.1 | 45.1 ± 10.7 |
* Statistically significant gender differences (p < 0.001); ** Statistically significant gender differences (p < 0.05).