Table 5.

Loss functions most frequently used for the segmentation of musculoskeletal structures.

Loss Function	Reference
DICE function or related variants	[4,7,8,10,12,15,19,31,37,38,39,46,49,50,52,55,57,59,67,72,73,80,85,91,94,99,101]
Cross entropy or variants	[1,2,4,5,9,26,28,29,32,33,36,43,50,51,71,74,87,88,93,97,100,105,107]
A combination of DICE + cross entropy loss function	[25,35,40,48,82,90,103]