Table 2.

Effects of curcumin on aluminum toxicity based on doses, experimental methods, and findings.

Dose/Concentration	Name of Animal Model/Cell Lines	Route of Exposure	Duration of Exposure/Treatment	Results	Source
100 mg/kg b.w. Al + 50 mg/kg b.w. CUR	Sprague–Dawley rats	Al-drinking water/CUR-IP	Al-8 weeks/CUR-2 months (co-administration)	↓TNF-α, ↓NF-kB p65, ↓NO activity	[100]
50 mg/kg/day Al + 30 mg/mL/kg b.w. CUR	Male Wistar rats	Al-drinking water/CUR-orally	6 months (co-administration)	↓lipid peroxidation in the brain, ↓SOD, GPx, GST and Na+, K+, ATPase	[107]
100 mg/kg Al + 30 or 60 mg/kg CUR	Male Wistar rats	Al-drinking water/CUR-orally	42 days(co-administration)	↓IAL, first and second RL to reach the platform in the pre-trained rats, ↑retention performance of the spatial navigation task; ↓MDA, nitrite levels, ↑reduced GSH, ↓GST, SOD, and catalase activity, ↓AChE activity, ↓Al in hippocampus	[104]
	Synthesized [Al(CUR) (EtOH)2](NO3)2) complex	Binding of CUR complex to calf thymus-DNA		↓affinity of Al to interact with DNA	[103]
	Synthesized Al (III)–CUR complexes	NMR, mass spectroscopy, ultraviolet, the generalized 2D UV–UV correlation spectroscopy, the density functional theory		↓affinity of Al to interact with amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide, ↓ toxicity effect of Al on peptides, ↓ oxidative stress	[102]

Abbreviations: ↑ = increase; ↓ = decrease; CUR: curcumin; Al = aluminum; IP = intraperitoneal injection; TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor alpha; NF-κB p65 = nuclear factor kappa B p65 subunit; NO = nitric oxide; SOD = superoxide dismutase; GPx = glutathione peroxidase; GST = glutathione S-transferase; ATPase = adenosine triphosphatase; IAL = initial acquisition latencies; first RL = first retention latency; second RL = second retention latency; AChE = acetylcholinesterase; NMR = Nuclear magnetic resonance.