Table 3.
Effects of curcumin on arsenic toxicity based on doses, experimental methods, and findings.
| Dose/Concentration | Name of Animal Model/Cell Lines | Route of Exposure | Duration of Exposure/Treatment | Results | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical Trial | |||||
| CUR + piperine (20:1) 2 × 500 mg/day | Chronically arsenic-exposed males or females | Orally | 6 months | ↓DNA damage, ↓ROS generation, ↓CAT, SOD enzymes, |
[111] |
| CUR + piperine (100:1) 500 mg twice/day | Chronically arsenic-exposed males or females | Orally | 6 months | ↑expression of protein, mRNA of DNA-PK, DNA ligase IV, XRCC4, ↑BER and NHEJ repair pathways, ↓DNA-damaging effect in lymphocytes |
[112] |
| In Vivo | |||||
| 5 mg/kg b.w. NaAsO2 + 15 mg/kg b.w. CUR | Male Wistar rats | NaAsO2-orally/CUR-orally | 30 days (co-administration) | ↓transaminases, phosphatases, glucose, urea, creatinine, bilirubin, TL, cholesterol, TG, plasma and brain ache, the levels of TP and Alb | [113] |
| 5 or 300 ppm NaAsO2 + 0.5 mg/kg b.w. nano-CUR | Male Swiss albino mice | NaAsO2-drinking water/CUR-orally | NaAsO2-7 days/CUR-14 days(post-treatment) | ↓histopathological alterations, ↓accumulation of acidic vesicles, ↓apoptotic cells in the thymus and spleen, ↓autophagy, ↓redox imbalance in immune cells |
[115] |
| In Vitro | |||||
| 10 μM NaAsO2 + 0, 1, 2.5, 5, 10, 25, 50 or 100 μM CUR | PC12 cells | Cell line | 24 h | ↑membrane integrity, ↓DNA damage, apoptosis rate, ↑protein expressions, ↑cell viability, ↑cytoprotective effect, ↓oxidative stress |
[114] |
Abbreviations: ↑ = increase; ↓ = decrease; CUR = curcumin; As = arsenic; IP = intraperitoneal injection; TL = total lipids; TG = triglycerides; TP = total protein; Alb = albumin; ROS = reactive oxygen species; CAT = catalase; SOD = superoxide dismutase; DNA-PK = DNA-dependent protein kinase; XRCC = X ray repair cross complement; BER = base excision repair; NHEJ = nonhomologous end joining; NaAsO2 = sodium arsenite; PC = pheochromocytoma.