Table 4.
Effects of curcumin on cadmium toxicity based on doses, experimental methods, and findings.
| Dose/Concentration | Name of Animal Model/Cell Lines | Route of Exposure | Duration of Exposure/Treatment | Results | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| In Vivo | |||||
| 0.8 mg/L water Cd + basal diet with 0.5% TP | Juvenile African catfish | Cd-aquarium water/TP-orally | 30 days (co-administration) | ↑growth rate, ↑HSI, ↓damage to the hepatic architecture, the testis architecture, ↑reproduction hormone level, lysozyme activity, immunoglobulin levels, protein content, ATP content, ↓disturbed enzyme activities, ↓nephrotoxicity, ↓oxidative stress, ↓apoptotic events, ↓Cd accumulation in muscles, the liver |
[124] |
| 40 mg/L CdCl2 + 50 mg/kg b.w. CUR | Male albino rats | Cd-drinking water/CUR-gastric tube | 6 weeks (co-administration) | ↓TNF-α, IL-6, ↓lipid peroxidation, ↑CAT, SOD, GSH, TAC, ↓oxidative stress, ↓loss of antioxidant enzymes |
[122] |
| 200 mg/kg b.w. C4H6CdO4 + 250 mg/kg b.w. CUR | Adult male rats | Cd-drinking water/CUR-orally | 7 days (co-administration) | ↓level of urea, creatinine in the serum, ↑antioxidant levels |
[125] |
| 1 mg/kg b.w. Cd + 100 mg/kg b.w. CUR | Male Wistar albino rats | Cd-subcutaneously/CUR-intragastric intubation | 4 weeks (co-administration) | ↓testicular damage, ↓reactivity and the number of germ cell, Leydig cell apoptosis, ↓TUNEL positive cells of testis |
[126] |
| 1 mg/kg/day or 100 mg/kg/day CdCl2 + 1 mg/kg/day or 100 mg/kg/day CUR | Male Spraque–Dawley rats | CdCl2-IP/CUR-orally | 3 days (co-administration) | ↓TBARS levels, ↑GSH, CAT, GPx, SOD, ↓histopathological changes, ↓lipid peroxidation, ↓oxidative stress in testis tissue, ↑antioxidant enzymes |
[127] |
| 7 mg/kg b.w. CdCl2 + 50 mg/kg b.w. CUR | Male CD mice | CdCl2- subcutaneously/CUR-orally | CdCl2-ones/CUR-3 days (pre-treatment) | ↑GSH, GPx, ↑antioxidant status, ↔Cd level in tissues, ↓lipid peroxidation |
[121] |
| 0.025 mmol/kg b.w. (rats), 0.03 mmol/kg b.w. (mice) CdCl2 + 50 mg/kg b.w. CUR | Male Wistar rats, male CD mice | CdCl2- subcutaneously/CUR-orally | CdCl2-ones/CUR-3 days (pre-treatment) | ↓lipid peroxidation | [128] |
| 5 mg/kg b.w. CdCl2 + 200 or 400 mg/kg b.w. CUR | Adult male Wistar rats | CdCl2- oral gavage/CUR-oral gavage | 27 days (co-administration) | ↓MDA, ↑GSH, ↓nephrotoxicity |
[129] |
| 5 mg/kg b.w. CdCl2 + 200 or 400 mg/kg b.w. CUR | Adult male ICR mice | Cd-drinking water/CUR-intragastric | 8 weeks (co-administration) | ↓systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure levels, ↑Phe, Ach, and SNP, ↓hypertension, ↓impairment of vascular responsiveness to vasoactive agents, ↓lipid peroxidation, ↓protein oxidation, ↑GSH, ↑redox status of the blood cells, ↓oxidants, ↑endogenous antioxidant formation, ↓oxidative stress, ↓Cd accumulation in the blood, organs |
[130] |
| In Vitro | |||||
| 100 mM CdSO4 + 10, 30, 20, 40 or 50 μM CUR | Bronchial epithelial cell line Calu-3 | 24 h | ↓IL-6, IL-8 mRNA transcript levels, ↓Erk1/2 activation |
||
| 0.025, 0.05, 0.1 mM CdCl2 + 0.025, 0.05, 0.1 mM CUR | Rat brain homogenate | Lipid peroxidation assay | ↓lipid peroxidation | [131] | |
Abbreviations: ↑ = increase; ↓ = decrease; ↔ = no change; CUR = curcumin; Cd = cadmium; TP = turmeric powder; ATP = adenosine triphosphate; HIS = hepatosomatic index; CAT = catalase; SOD = superoxide dismutase; TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IL-6 = interleukin-6; IL-8 = interleukin-8; GSH = glutathione; TAC = total antioxidant capacity; Erk1/2 = extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2; TUNEL = terminal dUTP nick end-labeling assay; GPx = glutathione peroxidase; TBARS = thiobarbituric acid reactive substance; MDA = malondialdehyde; SNP = sodium nitroprusside; Ach = acetylcholine; Phe = phenylephrine; CdCl2 = cadmium chloride.