Table 7.
Effects of curcumin on lead toxicity based on doses, experimental methods, and findings.
| Dose/Concentration | Name of Animal Model/Cell Lines | Route of Exposure | Duration of Exposure/Treatment | Results | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| In Vivo | |||||
| 50 mg/kg Pb(C2H3O2)2 + 100 mg/kg CUR 50 mg/kg Pb(C2H3O2)2 + 200 mg/kg CUR |
Male Sprague–Dawley rats | Pb(C2H3O2)2, CUR- orogastric tube | Pb(C2H3O2)2-4 weeks/CUR-4 weeks (post-treatment) | ↓Pb concentration, ↓oxidative stress, ↓cerebellar damage in cerebellum, ↑motor coordination |
[155] |
| 50 mg/kg Pb(C2H3O2)2 + 200 mg/kg CUR | Male Wistar rats | Pb(C2H3O2)2 -IP/CUR-orally | 7 days (co-administration) | ↓apoptosis, ↓oxidative stress, ↓inflammation, ↓liver injury, ↑AKT/GSK-3β signaling pathway |
[157] |
| 20 mg/kg OD Pb(C2H3O2)2 + 30 mg/kg BD CUR | Male and female Wistar rats | Pb(C2H3O2)2, CUR- IP | 5 days (co-administration) | ↓damage neurons, ↓protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation, ↑GSH |
[158] |
| 1 mg/L Pb + 15 g/kg CUR | Cyprinus carpio | Pb-aquarium water/CUR-orally | 8 weeks (co-administration) | ↓mRNA, expression of NF-kB p65, ↓AST, ALT, LDH, ↑protease activity, ↑SOD, GPx, GSH, G-Rd, GST, Nrf2, ↑lysozyme activity, C3, IgM, ↑intestinal microbial abundance, ↑growth parameters, ↑RBC, Hct, Hb, serum protein, albumin, ↑enzymatic activities, ↑IL-10, ↓MDA |
[154] |
| In Vitro | |||||
| 10 μM Pb(C2H3O2)2 + 50, 100, or 150 μM CUR | Rat pups’ hippocampi | 3 h | ↓free radicals, ↑cell viability | [158] | |
Abbreviations: ↑ = increase; ↓ = decrease; CUR = curcumin; Pb = lead; IP = intraperitoneal injection; AKT = protein kinase B; GSK-3β = glycogen synthase kinase-3β; OD = once daily; BD = twice daily; SOD = superoxide dismutase; GPx = glutathione peroxidase; GSH = glutathione; IL-10 = interleukin-10; MDA = malondialdehyde; GST = glutathione S-transferase; G-Rd = glutathione reductase; LDH = lactate dehydrogenase; RBC = red blood cells; Hct = hematocrit; Hb = hemoglobin; NF-κB p65 = nuclear factor kappa B p65 subunit; AST = aspartate transaminase; ALT = alanine transaminase; Nrf2 = nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2; C3 = complement component 3; Pb(C2H3O2)2 = lead acetate.