Table 11.

Effects of curcumin on chromium toxicity based on doses, experimental methods, and findings.

Dose/Concentration	Name of Animal Model/Cell Lines	Route of Exposure	Duration of Exposure/Treatment	Results	Source
In Vivo
0.4 mg/kg b.w. OD K2Cr2O7 + 20 mg/kg b.w. CUR	Male albino rats of Sprague–Dawley strain Rattus norvegicus	K2Cr2O7,CUR-IP	K2Cr2O7-26 days/CUR-26 days(every alternate day) (co-administration)	↓testicular histology damage, ↑sperm count, ↑testosterone level, ↑accessory sex organs weight, ↓lipid peroxidation, ↑SOD, CAT	[180]
015 mg/kg b.w. K2Cr2O7 + 100, 200 or 400 mg/kg b.w. CUR	Male Wistar rats	K2Cr2O7- subcutaneously/CUR- gavage	K2Cr2O7-ones(co/pre/post-treated groups)/ /CUR- 10 days before and 2 days after K2Cr2O7 injection (co-administration, post-treatment, pre-treatment)	↓renal dysfunction, ↓histological damage, ↓oxidant stress, ↑antioxidant enzymes, ↔Cr in renal homogenates, in mitochondria (pre-treated), ↑mitochondrial oxygen consumption, ↑activity of mitochondrial complexes I, II, II–III, V, ↑mitochondrial ATP content, ↑mitochondrial Ca2+ transport, mitochondrial membrane potential, ↔Cr concentration, ↑nuclear translocation of Nrf2, ↑GST	[181]

Abbreviations: ↑ = increase; ↓ = decrease; ↔ = no change; CUR = curcumin; Cr = chromium; IP = intraperitoneal injection; SOD = superoxide dismutase; CAT = catalase; GST = glutathione S-transferases; Nrf2 = Nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2-related factor 2; K₂Cr₂O₇ = potassium dichromate.