Table 3.
Selected pathways coherent with the context of this study, from the union analysis performed with DIANA–miRPath v.3, for each comparison: (A) OB/GDM(−) vs. NW, (B) OB/GDM(+) vs. NW, (C) OB/GDM(+) vs. OB/GDM(−).
| (A) OB/GDM(−) vs. NW | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Pathway Name | Pathway Information | p-Value | miRNAs |
| Fatty acid biosynthesis | Creation of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and NADPH through fatty acid synthases. | 3.2455 × e−12 | hsa-miR-27a-3p |
| ECM (ExtraCellular Matrix)-receptor interaction | Complex mixture of structural and functional macromolecules with important roles in cell, tissue and organ morphogenesis, structure, and function. | 1.6770 × e−8 | hsa-miR-27a-3p |
| AMPK (AMP-activated Protein Kinase) signalling pathway | Sensor of cellular energy status. | 3.5242 × e−5 | hsa-miR-27a-3p hsa-miR-186-5p |
| TGF-beta (Transforming Growth Factor-beta) signalling pathway | Regulation of cellular functions such as proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and migration | 3.7782 × e−5 | hsa-miR-27a-3p hsa-miR-186-5p |
| Lysine degradation | Amino acid breakdown mainly taking place in hepatocytes’ mitochondria. | 6.9088 × e−5 | hsa-miR-27a-3p hsa-miR-33a-5p hsa-miR-186-5p |
| Oocyte meiosis | Maturation of female gametes. | 0.000417 | hsa-miR-27a-3p hsa-miR-33a-5p |
| Thyroid hormone signalling pathway | Thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) are important regulators of growth, development, and metabolism. | 0.0016 | hsa-miR-27a-3p |
| FoxO (Forkhead box O) signalling pathway | Transcription factors regulating apoptosis, cell-cycle control, glucose metabolism, oxidative stress resistance, and longevity. | 0.003443 | hsa-miR-27a-3p |
| Signalling pathways regulating pluripotency of stem cells | Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are self-renewal cells with the potential to generate all cell types of the three germinal layers. | 0.030599 | hsa-miR-27a-3p |
| Progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation | Insulin/IGF-1 or progesterone exposure induces maturation of the oocyte into a mature, fertilizable egg. | 0.037975 | hsa-miR-27a-3p hsa-miR-186-5p |
| Vitamin B6 metabolism | Coenzyme in amino acid, glucose, and lipid metabolism. | 0.040007 | hsa-miR-186-5p |
| (B) OB/GDM(+) vs. NW | |||
| Pathway name | Pathway information | p-value | miRNAs |
| Fatty acid elongation | Part of the anabolic processes generating and modifying fatty acids. | 1.3166 × e−11 | hsa-miR-454-3p |
| Fatty acid degradation | Fatty acids breakdown into their metabolites, and finally acetyl-CoA. | 1.3726 × e−7 | hsa-miR-454-3p |
| Lysine degradation | Amino acid breakdown mainly taking place in hepatocytes’ mitochondria. | 8.4918 × e−5 | hsa-miR-454-3p |
| Fatty acid metabolism | Catabolic and anabolic processes involving fatty acids. | 8.4918 × e−5 | hsa-miR-454-3p |
| Signalling pathways regulating pluripotency of stem cells | Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are self-renewal cells with the potential to generate all cell types of the three germinal layers. | 0.009942 | hsa-miR-454-3p |
| TGF-beta (Transforming Growth Factor-beta) signalling pathway | Regulation of cellular functions such as proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and migration | 0.010679 | hsa-miR-454-3p |
| FoxO (Forkhead box O) signalling pathway | Transcription factors regulating apoptosis, cell-cycle control, glucose metabolism, oxidative stress resistance, and longevity. | 0.037202 | hsa-miR-454-3p |
| Valine, leucine and isoleucine (BCAA) degradation | Breakdown of the branched-chain amino acids (BCAA). | 0.038549 | hsa-miR-454-3p |
| HIF-1 (Hypoxia-inducible factor 1) signalling pathway | Transcription factor, master regulator of oxygen homeostasis. Involvement in autophagy, inflammation, and oxidative stress. | 0.043120 | hsa-miR-454-3p |
| Valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis | Enzymatic process generating branched-chain amino acids (BCAA). | 0.049787 | hsa-miR-454-3p |
| (C) OB/GDM(+) vs. OB/GDM(−) | |||
| Pathway name | Pathway information | p-value | miRNAs |
| Fatty acid biosynthesis | Creation of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and NADPH through fatty acid synthases. | <1 × e−325 | hsa-miR-2110 hsa-miR-27a-3p |
| ECM (ExtraCellular Matrix)-receptor interaction | Complex mixture of structural and functional macromolecules with important roles in cell, tissue, and organ morphogenesis, structure, and function. | <1 × e−325 | hsa-miR-27a-3p hsa-let-7f-5p hsa-miR-30e-3p |
| Lysine degradation | Amino acid breakdown mainly taking place in hepatocytes’ mitochondria. | <1 × e−325 | hsa-miR-186-5p hsa-miR-2110 hsa-let-7b-5p hsa-miR-574-3p hsa-miR-142-3p hsa-miR-33a-5p hsa-miR-21-5p hsa-miR-27a-3p hsa-let-7f-5p hsa-miR-30e-3p hsa-miR-339-5p |
| TGF-beta (Transforming Growth Factor-beta) signalling pathway | Regulation of cellular functions such as proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and migration. | 9.0845 × e−8 | hsa-miR-186-5p hsa-let-7b-5p hsa-miR-320c hsa-miR-27a-3p hsa-miR-30e-3p |
| FoxO (Forkhead box O) signalling pathway | Transcription factors regulating apoptosis, cell-cycle control, glucose metabolism, oxidative stress resistance, and longevity. | 3.6540 × e−6 | hsa-let-7b-5p hsa-miR-21-5p hsa-miR-27a-3p hsa-let-7f-5p hsa-miR-30e-3p |
| Thyroid hormone signalling pathway | Thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) are important regulators of growth, development, and metabolism. | 3.9364 × e−6 | hsa-let-7b-5p hsa-miR-21-5p hsa-miR-27a-3p hsa-let-7f-5p |
| Fatty acid metabolism | Catabolic and anabolic processes involving fatty acids. | 1.9484 × e−5 | hsa-miR-2110 hsa-miR-21-5p hsa-miR-27a-3p |
| Oocyte meiosis | Maturation of female gametes. | 7.3982 × e−5 | hsa-let-7b-5p hsa-miR-33a-5p hsa-miR-27a-3p hsa-let-7f-5p |
| AMPK (AMP-activated Protein Kinase) signalling pathway | Sensor of cellular energy status. | 0.004058 | hsa-miR-186-5p hsa-let-7b-5p hsa-miR-27a-3p |
Pathway information and description have been found on the online repository https://www.genome.jp/ accessed on 25 July 2022, in particular in the section KEGG PATHWAY Database; p-value indicates the force of association between the pathway and specific miRNAs (indicated in the last column); pathways are listed in order of increasing p-value (decreasing statistical significance).