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. 2023 Feb 3;12(2):314. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics12020314

Table 2.

Early-life antibiotics exposure up to 24 months in LSAC B cohort, Australia.

Any Antibiotic Prescribed (PBS Records), n (%) †

  • Yes

  • No

 1267 (24.8)
3840 (75.2)
Any antibiotic prescribed for children whose parents have healthcare cards, n (%) 3395.4 ± 610

  • Yes

  • No

 778 (68.1)
365 (31.9)
Number of antibiotic courses exposed during the period, n (%)

  • 1

  • 2

  • ≥3

 317 (25.0)
233 (18.4)
717 (56.6)
Class of Antibiotics Exposed by Courses, n (%)
β-lactam other than cephalosporin ‡, total 1123 (100)

  • 1

  • 2

  • 3

  • ≥4

 382 (34.0)
254 (22.6)
153 (13.6)
334 (29.8)
First-generation cephalosporin, total 257 (100)

  • 1

  • 2

  • 3

  • ≥4

 165 (64.2)
50 (19.5)
25 (9.7)
17 (6.6)
Second-generation cephalosporin, total 351 (100)

  • 1

  • 2

  • 3

  • ≥4

 185 (52.7)
83 (23.6)
37 (10.5)
46 (13.1)
Third-generation cephalosporin, total 3 (100)

  • 1

 3 (100)
Quinolone, total 2 (100)

  • 1

  • 2

 1 (50)
1 (50)
Macrolide, total 252 (100)

  • 1

  • 2

  • 3

  • ≥4

 167 (66.3)
52 (20.6)
16 (6.4)
17(6.7)
Aminoglycoside, total 1 (100)

  • 1

 1 (100)
Sulfonamide and Trimethoprim, total 98 (100)

  • 1

  • 2

  • 3

  • ≥4

 71 (72.5)
13 (13.3)
7 (7.1)
7 (7.1)
Nitroimidazole, total 30 (100)

  • 1

  • 2

 28 (93.3)
2 (6.7)
Fusidane, total 1 (100)

  • 1

 1 (100)

Abbreviations: n = total number of children in the model; PBS = Pharmaceutical Benefit Scheme; SD = standard deviation; SEIFA = Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas; † Percentage = number of antibiotic exposures/the total number of antibiotic exposures in that class × 100%; ‡ β-lactam other than cephalosporin = ticarcillin, penicillin, phenoxymethylpenicillin, procaine penicillin, flucloxacillin, dicloxacillin, benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid.