Table 2.
Antimicrobial activity of snake-venom L-amino oxidase (LAAO).
| Snake | Microorganisms | Properties | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Agkistrodon blomhoffii | Staphylococcus aureus (G+) | >3.75 µg (standard disc-diffusion) | [67] |
| A. halys # | Escherichia coli (G−), Bacillus subtilis (G+) | 8.5 µg/mL (IC50) | [68] |
| Bothriechis schlegelii | S. aureus (G+), Acinetobacter baumanni (G−) | 2–4 µg/mL (MIC); 4–8 µg/mL (MBC) | [69] |
| Bothrops alternatus | E. coli (G−), S. aureus (G+) | 48 µg (kill 80–90% of bacteria) | [70] |
| B. jararaca | G+: Eubacterium lentum, Propionibacterium acnes, S. aureus, S. epidermidis Peptostreptococcus anaerobius; G−: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermédia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, S. typhimurium | 40 µg of venom (standard disc-diffusion) | [71] |
| B. marajoensis |
S. aureus (G+), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (G−), Candida albicans |
>50 µg/mL (MIC) 2.55–2.86 µg/mL (IC50) |
[72] |
| B. mattogrosensis (actually Bothropoides mattogrosensis) * | G+: Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, S. aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes; G−: E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, P. aeruginosa, S. typhimurium | 64–256 µg/mL (MIC) | [73] |
| B. moojeni | G+: S. aureus; G−: P. aeruginosa, S. typhimurium, E. coli. | 50 µg/mL (inhibit <90% of cfu) | [74] |
| B. paoloensis | E. coli (G−), S. aureus (G+) | 25 µg/mL (inhibit <90% of bacterial growth) | [75] |
| B. pirajai | G−: E. coli, P. aeruginosa | 4 µg/mL (inhibit <90%) | [76] |
| Calloselasma rhodostoma | E. coli (G−), S. aureus (G+) | 0.2–125 µg/mL (MIC) | [77] |
| Crotalus adamanteus | G+: Micrococcus aureus; G−: S. typhimurium, P. vulgaris, P. aeruginosa, Serratia marcenses, E. coli | 1–50 µg (LD50, <50% inhibition of bacterial growth) | [48] |
| C. durissus cascavella | Xanthomonas axonopodis pv passiflorae (G−); Streptococcus mutans (G+) | 12.3–35 µg/mL (50% of inhibition) | [78] |
| C. d. cumamensis | S. aureus (G+), A. baumannii (G−) | 8–16 µg/mL (MIC) | [79] |
| Daboia russellii | G+: S. aureus; G−: P. aeruginosa, E. coli | 4.5–36 µg/mL (MIC); 9–72 µg/mL (MBC) | [80] |
| Naja oxiana (actual of Naja naja oxiana) * | B. subtilis (G+); E. coli (G−) | 0.036–0.094 µM (IC50) | [81] |
| Ophiophagus hannah | G−: K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, E. coli; G+: S. aureus, S. epidermidis | 0.78–50 µg/mL (MIC) | [82] |
| O. hannah | G+: S. aureus, MRSA, S. epidermidis, B. subtilis, B. cereus; G−: S. enteritidis, P. aeruginosa, S. marcescens, K. pneumoniae, E. coli, Enterobacter cloacae | 7.5–110.0 µg/mL (MIC) | [83] |
| Pseudechis australis | G+: B. subtilis, S. aureus; G−: Aeromonas hydrophila, A. sobria | 18 µg (standard disc-diffusion) | [47] |
| Trimeresurus stejnegeri | HIV | 1.5 nM (EC50) | [84] |
| Vipera lebetina | E. coli (G−), B. subtibilis (G+) | 20 µg/mL (MIC) | [85] |
Microorganisms, microorganisms sensitive to antimicrobial activity; MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration; MBC, minimal bactericidal concentration; G−, Gram-negative bacteria; G+, Gram-positive bacteria; MRSA, methicillin-resistant S. aureus.