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. 2023 Feb 19;13(4):744. doi: 10.3390/ani13040744

Table 2.

Antimicrobial activity of snake-venom L-amino oxidase (LAAO).

Snake Microorganisms Properties Reference
Agkistrodon blomhoffii Staphylococcus aureus (G+) >3.75 µg (standard disc-diffusion) [67]
A. halys # Escherichia coli (G−), Bacillus subtilis (G+) 8.5 µg/mL (IC50) [68]
Bothriechis schlegelii S. aureus (G+), Acinetobacter baumanni (G−) 2–4 µg/mL (MIC); 4–8 µg/mL (MBC) [69]
Bothrops alternatus E. coli (G−), S. aureus (G+) 48 µg (kill 80–90% of bacteria) [70]
B. jararaca G+: Eubacterium lentum, Propionibacterium acnes, S. aureus, S. epidermidis Peptostreptococcus anaerobius; G−: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermédia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, S. typhimurium 40 µg of venom (standard disc-diffusion) [71]
B. marajoensis S. aureus (G+), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (G−),
Candida albicans
>50 µg/mL (MIC)
2.55–2.86 µg/mL (IC50)
[72]
B. mattogrosensis (actually Bothropoides mattogrosensis) * G+: Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, S. aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes; G−: E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, P. aeruginosa, S. typhimurium 64–256 µg/mL (MIC) [73]
B. moojeni G+: S. aureus; G−: P. aeruginosa, S. typhimurium, E. coli. 50 µg/mL (inhibit <90% of cfu) [74]
B. paoloensis E. coli (G−), S. aureus (G+) 25 µg/mL (inhibit <90% of bacterial growth) [75]
B. pirajai G−: E. coli, P. aeruginosa 4 µg/mL (inhibit <90%) [76]
Calloselasma rhodostoma E. coli (G−), S. aureus (G+) 0.2–125 µg/mL (MIC) [77]
Crotalus adamanteus G+: Micrococcus aureus; G−: S. typhimurium, P. vulgaris, P. aeruginosa, Serratia marcenses, E. coli 1–50 µg (LD50, <50% inhibition of bacterial growth) [48]
C. durissus cascavella Xanthomonas axonopodis pv passiflorae (G−); Streptococcus mutans (G+) 12.3–35 µg/mL (50% of inhibition) [78]
C. d. cumamensis S. aureus (G+), A. baumannii (G−) 8–16 µg/mL (MIC) [79]
Daboia russellii G+: S. aureus; G−: P. aeruginosa, E. coli 4.5–36 µg/mL (MIC); 9–72 µg/mL (MBC) [80]
Naja oxiana (actual of Naja naja oxiana) * B. subtilis (G+); E. coli (G−) 0.036–0.094 µM (IC50) [81]
Ophiophagus hannah G−: K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, E. coli; G+: S. aureus, S. epidermidis 0.78–50 µg/mL (MIC) [82]
O. hannah G+: S. aureus, MRSA, S. epidermidis, B. subtilis, B. cereus; G−: S. enteritidis, P. aeruginosa, S. marcescens, K. pneumoniae, E. coli, Enterobacter cloacae 7.5–110.0 µg/mL (MIC) [83]
Pseudechis australis G+: B. subtilis, S. aureus; G−: Aeromonas hydrophila, A. sobria 18 µg (standard disc-diffusion) [47]
Trimeresurus stejnegeri HIV 1.5 nM (EC50) [84]
Vipera lebetina E. coli (G−), B. subtibilis (G+) 20 µg/mL (MIC) [85]

Microorganisms, microorganisms sensitive to antimicrobial activity; MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration; MBC, minimal bactericidal concentration; G−, Gram-negative bacteria; G+, Gram-positive bacteria; MRSA, methicillin-resistant S. aureus.