Table 3.
Antimicrobial activity of snake-venom phospholipases A2 (PLA2).
| Snake | Microorganisms | Properties | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Atropoides nummifer | Salmonella typhimurium (G−) | 50 µg/mL (>80% inhibition), Lys49-PLA2 | [97] |
| Bothriechis schlegelii | S. typhimurium (G−) | 50 µg/mL (>50% inhibition), Lys49-PLA2 | [97] |
| Bothrops asper | S. typhimurium (G−) | 100 µg/mL (>50% inhibition), mt-I, II, III, and IV, Lys49-PLA2 | [97] |
| B. brazili | Escherichia coli (G−) | 120 µg/mL of Asp49-PLA2 and Lys49-PLA2 (80% of bacterial inhibition) | [89] |
| B. jararacussu | E. coli (G−) | 5 µg/mL (>50% inhibition), Lys49-PLA2 | [98] |
| B. jararacussu | Xanthomonas axonopodis pv passiflorae (G−) | 125 µg/mL (<86% inhibition) BthTx-I, BthTx-II (Lys49-PLA2) | [99] |
| B. marajoensis | Staphylococcus aureus (G+) | 50 µg/mL (MIC), Lys49-PLA2 | [72] |
| B. neuwiedi (actual of B. neuwiedi urutu) * | Pseudomonas aeruginosa (G−) | 100 µg/mL (60% inhibition), Lys49-PLA2 | [100] |
| Bungarus fasciatus | E. coli (G−), S. aureus (G+) | 0.4 and 0.1 µM (MIC), Group I PLA2 | [101] |
| Bungarus multicinctus | E. coli (G−) | 50 µM (80% inhibition), Group I PLA2 | [102] |
| Cerrophidion godmani | S. typhimurium (G−) | 100 µg/mL (>50% inhibition), mt-I and mt-II, Asp49-PLA2 | [97] |
| Crotalus adamanteus | G+: S. aureus, G−: Burkholderia pseudomallei, Enterobacter aerogenes | 7.8–15.6 µg/mL (MIC) wound healing in vivo by topical application | [103] |
| C. durissus collilineatus | X. axonopodis pv. Passiflorae (G−), Clavibacter m. michiganensis (G+) | 250 µg/mL (>90% inhibition), Lys49-PLA2 with high enzymatic activity | [104] |
| C. d. ruruima | X. axonopodis pv. passiflorae (G−) | 75 µg inhibit about 96% of the bacterial growth, Lys49-PLA2 | [105] |
| C. d. terrificus | B. pseudomallei (G−) | 0.5 mg/mL (radial diffusion), Asp49-PLA2 | [106] |
| C. d. terrificus | G+: S. aureus; G−: E. aerogenes, P. aeruginosa, E. coli | 100 µg/mL (radial diffusion), Asp49-PLA2 | [107] |
| C. oreganus abyssus | G+: MRSA; G−: P. aeruginosa, E. coli | At 125 µg/mL inhibits 25–60% the bacterial growth, Lys49-PLA2 | [108] |
| Daboia russellii (actual of D. russellii pulchella) * | G+: S. aureus, Bacillus subtilis; G−: E. coli, S. typhimurium, Vibrio cholerae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, S. paratyphi | 12–15 µg/mL (MIC), VRV_PL_V, basic PLA2 | [109] |
| Daboia russellii (actual of D. russellii pulchella) * | G+: S. aureus, B. subtilis; G−: E. coli, S. typhimurium, V. cholerae, K. pneumoniae, S. paratyphi | 11–19 µg/mL (MIC), VRV-PL-VIIIa, basic PLA2 | [110] |
| D. russelli (actual of D. russelli russelli) * | G−: E. coli, E. aerogenes, Proteus vulgaris, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa, B. pseudomallei; G+: S. aureus | 6.25–100 µg/mL (MBC), VipTx-I and VipTx-II, Asp49-PLA2 | [111] |
| D. siamensis (actual of D. russellii siamensis) * | B. pseudomallei (G−) | 0.5 mg/mL (radial diffusion), basic PLA2 | [106] |
| D. siamensis (actual of D. russellii siamensis) * | S. aureus (G+) | 100 µg/mL (radial diffusion), basic PLA2 | [107] |
| Echis carinatus | G−: E. coli, E. aerogenes, P. vulgaris, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa, B. pseudomallei; G+: S. aureus | 15–60 µg/mL (MIC), Asp49-PLA2 | [112] |
| Lachesis muta muta | G+: MRSA; G−: P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae | 12.5 µg/mL of Lys49-PLA2 named LmutTX, inhibits about 60% of G+ and ~30–50% of G− bacteria | [113] |
| Montivipera bornmuelleri | G−: E. coli, P. aeruginosa; G+: S. aureus | 100 µL of no informed concentration (radial diffusion), the type of PLA2 was not informed | [114] |
| Naja naja | G+: S. aureus, B. subtilis; G−: E. coli, S. typhi, V. cholerae, K. pneumoniae, S. paratyphi, P. aeruginosa; C. albicans, Trichophyton tonsurans | 19–23 µg/mL (MIC), NN-XIa-PLA2, acidic PLA2 | [115] |
| Naja naja | G+: S. aureus, B. subtilis; G−: E. coli, S. typhi, V. cholerae, K. pneumoniae, S. paratyphi | 17–120 ug/mL (MIC), NN-XIb-PLA2, acidic PLA2 | [116] |
| Porthidium nasutum | S. aureus (G+) | 32 µg/mL (MIC), acidic PLA2 | [88] |
| Pseudechis australis | B. pseudomallei (G−) | 0.5 mg/mL (radial diffusion), Group I PLA2 | [106] |
| P. australis | E. aerogenes (G−) | 100 µg/mL (radial diffusion), Group I PLA2 | [107] |
Microorganisms, microorganisms sensitive to antimicrobial activity; MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration; MBC, minimal bactericidal concentration; MRSA, methicillin-resistant S, aureus; G−, Gram-negative bacteria; G+, Gram-positive bacteria; * the actual species name was consulted in the Reptile Database [19].