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. 2023 Feb 19;13(4):744. doi: 10.3390/ani13040744

Table 3.

Antimicrobial activity of snake-venom phospholipases A2 (PLA2).

Snake Microorganisms Properties Reference
Atropoides nummifer Salmonella typhimurium (G−) 50 µg/mL (>80% inhibition), Lys49-PLA2 [97]
Bothriechis schlegelii S. typhimurium (G−) 50 µg/mL (>50% inhibition), Lys49-PLA2 [97]
Bothrops asper S. typhimurium (G−) 100 µg/mL (>50% inhibition), mt-I, II, III, and IV, Lys49-PLA2 [97]
B. brazili Escherichia coli (G−) 120 µg/mL of Asp49-PLA2 and Lys49-PLA2 (80% of bacterial inhibition) [89]
B. jararacussu E. coli (G−) 5 µg/mL (>50% inhibition), Lys49-PLA2 [98]
B. jararacussu Xanthomonas axonopodis pv passiflorae (G−) 125 µg/mL (<86% inhibition) BthTx-I, BthTx-II (Lys49-PLA2) [99]
B. marajoensis Staphylococcus aureus (G+) 50 µg/mL (MIC), Lys49-PLA2 [72]
B. neuwiedi (actual of B. neuwiedi urutu) * Pseudomonas aeruginosa (G−) 100 µg/mL (60% inhibition), Lys49-PLA2 [100]
Bungarus fasciatus E. coli (G−), S. aureus (G+) 0.4 and 0.1 µM (MIC), Group I PLA2 [101]
Bungarus multicinctus E. coli (G−) 50 µM (80% inhibition), Group I PLA2 [102]
Cerrophidion godmani S. typhimurium (G−) 100 µg/mL (>50% inhibition), mt-I and mt-II, Asp49-PLA2 [97]
Crotalus adamanteus G+: S. aureus, G−: Burkholderia pseudomallei, Enterobacter aerogenes 7.8–15.6 µg/mL (MIC) wound healing in vivo by topical application [103]
C. durissus collilineatus X. axonopodis pv. Passiflorae (G−), Clavibacter m. michiganensis (G+) 250 µg/mL (>90% inhibition), Lys49-PLA2 with high enzymatic activity [104]
C. d. ruruima X. axonopodis pv. passiflorae (G−) 75 µg inhibit about 96% of the bacterial growth, Lys49-PLA2 [105]
C. d. terrificus B. pseudomallei (G−) 0.5 mg/mL (radial diffusion), Asp49-PLA2 [106]
C. d. terrificus G+: S. aureus; G−: E. aerogenes, P. aeruginosa, E. coli 100 µg/mL (radial diffusion), Asp49-PLA2 [107]
C. oreganus abyssus G+: MRSA; G−: P. aeruginosa, E. coli At 125 µg/mL inhibits 25–60% the bacterial growth, Lys49-PLA2 [108]
Daboia russellii (actual of D. russellii pulchella) * G+: S. aureus, Bacillus subtilis; G−: E. coli, S. typhimurium, Vibrio cholerae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, S. paratyphi 12–15 µg/mL (MIC), VRV_PL_V, basic PLA2 [109]
Daboia russellii (actual of D. russellii pulchella) * G+: S. aureus, B. subtilis; G−: E. coli, S. typhimurium, V. cholerae, K. pneumoniae, S. paratyphi 11–19 µg/mL (MIC), VRV-PL-VIIIa, basic PLA2 [110]
D. russelli (actual of D. russelli russelli) * G−: E. coli, E. aerogenes, Proteus vulgaris, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa, B. pseudomallei; G+: S. aureus 6.25–100 µg/mL (MBC), VipTx-I and VipTx-II, Asp49-PLA2 [111]
D. siamensis (actual of D. russellii siamensis) * B. pseudomallei (G−) 0.5 mg/mL (radial diffusion), basic PLA2 [106]
D. siamensis (actual of D. russellii siamensis) * S. aureus (G+) 100 µg/mL (radial diffusion), basic PLA2 [107]
Echis carinatus G−: E. coli, E. aerogenes, P. vulgaris, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa, B. pseudomallei; G+: S. aureus 15–60 µg/mL (MIC), Asp49-PLA2 [112]
Lachesis muta muta G+: MRSA; G−: P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae 12.5 µg/mL of Lys49-PLA2 named LmutTX, inhibits about 60% of G+ and ~30–50% of G− bacteria [113]
Montivipera bornmuelleri G−: E. coli, P. aeruginosa; G+: S. aureus 100 µL of no informed concentration (radial diffusion), the type of PLA2 was not informed [114]
Naja naja G+: S. aureus, B. subtilis; G−: E. coli, S. typhi, V. cholerae, K. pneumoniae, S. paratyphi, P. aeruginosa; C. albicans, Trichophyton tonsurans 19–23 µg/mL (MIC), NN-XIa-PLA2, acidic PLA2 [115]
Naja naja G+: S. aureus, B. subtilis; G−: E. coli, S. typhi, V. cholerae, K. pneumoniae, S. paratyphi 17–120 ug/mL (MIC), NN-XIb-PLA2, acidic PLA2 [116]
Porthidium nasutum S. aureus (G+) 32 µg/mL (MIC), acidic PLA2 [88]
Pseudechis australis B. pseudomallei (G−) 0.5 mg/mL (radial diffusion), Group I PLA2 [106]
P. australis E. aerogenes (G−) 100 µg/mL (radial diffusion), Group I PLA2 [107]

Microorganisms, microorganisms sensitive to antimicrobial activity; MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration; MBC, minimal bactericidal concentration; MRSA, methicillin-resistant S, aureus; G−, Gram-negative bacteria; G+, Gram-positive bacteria; * the actual species name was consulted in the Reptile Database [19].