Table 6.
Fragments derived from toxins and AMP and their antimicrobial action.
| Snake | Microorganisms | Fragment or Peptide Name and Properties | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Agkistrodon contortrix laticinctus | Leishmania amazonensis, L. infantum chagasi | Derived from Lys49-PLA2: pACl, 50.98–220.32 µM (EC50); pAClR7, 27.19–70.71 µM (EC50); derived from Lys49-PLA2 | [190] |
| A. piscivorus piscivorus, A. c. laticinctus | G−: P. aeruginosa; G+: S. aureus; cancer cell lines: RAMOS, K562, NB4, and CEM cells | Derived from Lys49-PLA2 toxins (p-AppK and p-Acl) | [191] |
| Bothrops asper | G−: Escherichia coli, Pasteurella multocida, Salmonella montevideo, S. typhi, Shigella sonnei; G+: Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Vibrio cholerae | Derived from Lys49-PLA2: p115-129, 20–90 µg (MIC) | [192] |
| B. asper | E. coli (G−) | Derived from Lys49-PLA2: p115-129, 0.1–1 µM (MBC) | [97] |
| B. asper | G−: S. aureus, S. thyphimurium | Derived from Lys49-PLA2: pEM1-10, at 50 µg/mL (10–100% growth inhibition) | [97] |
| B. asper | G−: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio cholerae, Shigella sonnei, E. coli, S. typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Brucella abortus; G+: Enterococcus faecalis, S. aureus | Derived from myotoxin II, Lys49-PLA2: pEM-2, 1–250 µg/mL (MBC), at 100 µg/mL (25% protection of mice against E. coli and S. enterica peritoniti) | [97] |
| B. brazili | E. coli (G−); Candida albicans | pep115-129 MTX-I (derived from Asp 49 PLA2) and pep115-129 MTX-II (derived from Lys49-PLA2), at 120 µg/mL (<60% growth inhibition | [89] |
| B. jararacussu | E. coli (G−), S. aureus (G+) | Derived from Bothropstoxin I, Lys49-PLA2: p-BthTX-I and (p-BthTX-I)2, 4–128 µM (MIC) | [193] |
| B. jararacussu | G−: E. coli, G+: S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. faecium |
Derived from Bothropstoxin I, Lys49-PLA2: p-BthTX-I and (p-BthTX-I)2, 4–512 µM (MIC), eradication of S. epidermidis biofilm | [194] |
| B. mattogrossensis | M. luteus (G+) |
PS2 (derived from DefbBm02) and PS4 (derived from DefbBm03), 26.1–26.6 µM (MIC) |
[142] |
| B. mattogrossensis | G+: Bacillus subtilis, S. aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes; G−: E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, S. typhimurium | BmLAO-f1, BmLAO-f2, BmLAO-f3 (derived from BmLAO, LAAO), 32–256 µg/mL (MIC) | [73] |
| B. moojeni | G+: S. aureus | Derived from Asp49-PLA2, pBmTxJ, 37.5 µM (MIC) | [195] |
| Bungarus fasciatus | G+: B. subtilis, S. aureus; G−: E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Sacharibacillus kuerlensis, S. typhi, K. pneumoniae; C. albicans, Pichia pastoris | BF-15 (derived from cathelicidin Cath-BF), 1.2–75 µg/mL (MIC) | [121] |
| B. fasciatus | G−: E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, S. typhi; G+: B. subtilis, Enterobacter cloacae; C. albicans | Fragments of BF-30 (Cath-BF), 1–128 µg/mL (MIC), | [196] |
| B. fasciatus | G+: MRSA, S. aureus, S. epidermidis; G−: E. coli | Cbf-K16 (derived from Cath-BF), 4–64 µg/mL (MIC), synergism with ceftazidime/ampicilin in vivo | [197] |
| B. fasciatus | G−: E. coli; G+: S. aureus, B. subtilis; C. albicans | ZY13 (derived from Cath-BF), 0.59–75 µg/mL (MIC), resistant to 150 mM NaCl | [198] |
| B. fasciatus | G−: E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa; G+: S. aureus, S. epidermidis | Cbf-14, derived from Cath BF, 8–64 µg/mL (MIC), 16–128 µg/mL (MBC), anti-inflammatory activity, protection in vivo | [199] |
| B. fasciatus | G−: E. coli, K. pneumoniae; G+: MRSA | Cath-A and Cath-B, derived from Cath-BF | [200] |
| Cerrophidion. godmani * | G−: E. coli; Leishmania braziliensis, L. amazonensis promastigotas | Derived from Asp49-PLA2, pCergo, 75 µM (MIC); 93.69–110.40 µM (EC50) | [195] |
| Crotalus durissus terrificus | G+: E. faecalis, S. aureus; G−: S. pyogenes, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, E. coli, A. baumannii | Ctn(1–14), Ctn(15–34), (derived from Crotalicidin, cathelicidin), 0.25–128 µg/mL (MIC) | [201] |
| C. d. terrificus | Candida krusei, C. glabrata, parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, C. guilliermondii, Trichosporon spp. | C1, C2, derived from crotamine, 2.5–40 µM (MIC), substituição de C por S diminui a atividade | [202] |
| C. d. terrificus | Candida parapsilosis, C. krusei, C. tropicalis, C. albicans, Cryptococcus laurenti, Microsporum canis | Ctn(15–34), derived from Crotalicidin, 5–20 µM (MIC), | [203] |
| C. d. terrificus | G−: E. coli, S. typhi, Xanthomonas oryzae, X. axonopodis, Vibrio cholerae; G+: B. cereus, MRSA; C. albicans, Fusarium solani | CyLoP-1, derived from crotamine, 5–40 µM (MIC) | [204] |
| C. d. terrificus | C. albicans | Ctn(15–34) Crotalicidin, synergism with amphotericin B | [205] |
| C. d. terrificus | G−: E. coli, P. aeruginosa | Ctn(15–34) Crotalicidin, 3.13–12.5 µM (MIC), 6.25–50 µM (MBC) | [203] |
| C. d. terrificus | P. aeruginosa (G−) | SnV1, derived from Crotalicidin, 0.877–5.42 µM (MIC) before and after treatment with lung proteases | [181] |
| C. d. terrificus | G−: E. coli, Citrobacter freundii; G+: S. aureus, M. luteus. | PS1 and PS6, derived from crotamine, 28.4–56.5 µM (MIC) | [142] |
| C. d. terrificus | G+: Mycobacterium smegmatis, M. fortuitum, M. wolinskyi | CyLoP-1, derived from crotamine, 10–20 µM (MIC), 10–20 µM (MBC) | [206] |
| C. oreganus abyssus | G−: E. coli, P. aeruginosa; G+: S. aureus | pC-CoaTxII (C-terminal fragment 115–129 from Lys49-PLA2), inhibited <90% of bacterial growth at 5.95 µM. | [207] |
| Hydrophis cyanocinctus | P. aeruginosa (G−) | Sn1, Sn1A, Sn1b, derived from Hc-CATH, 0.66–45.6 µM (MIC) before and after treatment with lung proteases | [181] |
| Lachesis muta | G−: E. coli, K. pneumoniae, C. freundii; G+: S. aureus, M. luteus. | PS3 and PS5, derived from DefbLm02, 13.9–110 µM (MIC) | [142] |
| Naja atra | G−: E. coli, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans | ATRA-1 and ATRA-1A, fragments of CATH-ATRA, 0.88–160 µg/mL (EC50) | [178] |
| N. atra | Francisella novicida (G−) | ATRA-1 and ATRA-1A, fragments of CATH-ATRA, 8.95–147.9 µg/mL (EC50) | [177] |
| N. atra | S. aureus (G+) | ATRA-1 and ATRA-1A, fragments of CATH-ATRA, 0.52–18 µg/mL (EC50), inhibit biofilm formation | [208] |
| N. atra | G−: E. coli, P. aeruginosa; G+: B. cereus, S. aureus. | ATRA-1 and ATRA-1A, derived from NA-CATH, 1.9–72.9 µg/mL (EC50) | [209] |
| N. atra | Burkholderia thailandensis (G−) | ATRA-1A, derived from NA-CATH, 7–14 µg/mL (EC50) | [175] |
| N. atra | G−: E. coli, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae, B. cepacia, P. mirabilis, Moraxella catarrhalis; G+: A. baumannii, S. aureus, E. hirae, S. agalactiae; Candida albicans, C. glabrata, Malassezia pachydermatis, Mycobacterium smegmatis, M. fortuitum | NP-0, NP-2, NCP-3, NCP-3a, NCP-3b, derived from cardiotoxin, 1.6–50 µg/mL (MBC), active at 250 mM NaCl | [210] |
| Ophiophagus hannah | G−: E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Enterobacter aerogenes, E. cloacae; G+: S. aureus, | Fragments (3–34), (5–34), (1–24) and (3–17), derived from OH-CATH, 4–24 µg/mL (MIC)] | [211] |
| O. hannah | G−: E. coli, E. cloacae, E. aerogenes, P. aeruginosa, H. influenzae, K. pneumoniae; G+: S. aureus, E. faecalis | OH-CM6, derived from OH-CATH-30, 1.56–25 µg/mL (MIC), active against E. coli bacteremia in vivo, stable in serum | [187] |
| O. hannah | P. aeruginosa (G−) | SnE1, derived from OH-CATH, 3.25–5.07 µM (MIC before and after treatment with lung proteases) | [181] |
Microorganisms, microorganisms sensitive to antimicrobial activity; MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration; MBC, minimal bactericidal concentration; G−, Gram-negative bacteria; G+, Gram-positive bacteria; * the actual species name was consulted in the Reptile Database [19].