Table 1.
Oxidatively modified proteins and their corresponding functional grouping from different brain regions in MCI compared to control brains.
| Function | Protein | Brain Region: Hippocampus (H); Inferior Parietal Lobule (I) |
Elevated Oxidative Stress Index: Protein Carbonyls (PC); Protein-Bound HNE (HNE); Protein-Resident 3-NitroTyrosine (3-NT) |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glucose Metabolism | Aldolase | I | 3-NT | [85] |
| Phosphoglycerate kinase | H | HNE | [76] | |
| α-Enolase | H H,I H I |
PC 3-NT HNE PC |
[72] [85] [76] [81] |
|
| Pyruvate kinase | I H |
HNE PC |
[76] [72] |
|
| Lactate dehydrogenase | H | HNE | [76] | |
| Glucose-regulated protein precursor | I | 3-NT | [85] | |
| ATP synthase | H,I | HNE | [76] | |
| Carbonic anhydrase II | I | PC | [79] | |
| Redox Homeostasis & Defense | Peroxiredoxin 6 | H | HNE | [76] |
| Multidrug resistance protein 3 | I | 3-NT | [85] | |
| Glutathione S-transferase Mu | I | 3-NT | [85] | |
| Carbonyl reductase | H | HNE | [76] | |
| Excitotoxicity | Glutamine synthetase | H | PC | [72] |
| Synaptic plasticity, neurotransmission, cytoskeletal structure | Dihydropyrimidinase-related protein-2 (aka Collapsin response mediated protein-2) | H | 3-NT | [79,85] |
| Fascin 1 | H | 3-NT | [85] | |
| β-Actin | I | HNE | [76] | |
| Neuropolypeptide h3 (also called Phosphatidyl ethanolamine binding protein 1) | H | HNE | [76] | |
| Syntaxin-binding protein-1 | I | PC | [105] | |
| Protein synthesis | Elongation factor-Tu | I | HNE | [76] |
| Initiation factor a | I | HNE | [76] | |
| Protein folding | Heat-shock protein 70 | H H I |
HNE 3-NT PC |
[76] [85] [105] |
| Heat-shock protein 90 | I | PC | [81] | |
| Signal transduction | Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 | I | PC | [105] |
| Regulation of protein function | Peptidylprolyl cis-trans isomerase (Pin1) | H | PC | [72] |
| 14–3–3-γ | I | 3-NT | [85] |