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. 2023 Feb 15;12(2):389. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics12020389

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Eradication of E. coli MG1655 pre-grown biofilms treated with PMB, LL-37, and the PMB + LL-37 combination treatment. The ability of PMB, alone and in combination with LL-37, to eradicate E. coli MG1655 biofilm growth was evaluated via crystal violet staining. E. coli MG1655 biofilms were grown in a 96-well microtiter plate at 37 °C for 24 h. Pre-grown biofilms were treated with varying concentrations of PMB (0 µg/mL, 2 µg/mL, 4 µg/mL, 8 µg/mL, and 16 µg/mL), LL-37 (0 µg/mL and 16 µg/mL) and the PMB + LL-37 combination (2 µg/mL PMB + 16 µg/mL LL-37, 4 µg/mL PMB + 16 µg/mL LL-37, 8 µg/mL PMB + 16 µg/mL LL-37, and 16 µg/mL PMB + 16 µg/mL LL-37). Pre-grown biofilms treated with the individual and combined antimicrobial treatments were incubated at 37 °C for 24 h before adding 0.1% crystal violet. The biofilm biomass was measured at 595 nm and the mean background absorbance values were subtracted from the results for the test wells. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests (**, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001) were calculated for the average values from at least two independent experiments. Each experiment included independent bacterial cultures, with each condition including data from eight wells of a microtiter plate. Standard deviation bars are shown.