Table 1.
The physicochemical characteristics of TH, KH, SH versus MH.
| Physicochemical Properties | MH | TH | KH | SH |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Color appearance | Light brown [43] |
Dark brown [43] |
Amber brown [29,43] |
Light and dark honey [49] |
| Moisture content (%) | 18.7% [41,43,50] |
17.53–26.51% [29,35,41,51] |
21.52–33.7% [29,43,52,53,54] |
13.5–20.67% [11,31,55,56] |
| Viscosity | 5.39–5.47 [57] |
0.54–0.98 [57] |
0.11–0.47 [57] |
69.00 [31] |
| Free Acidity (meq/kg) | 15.9–27.36 [58] |
47.9–61.9 [57] |
87.0–136.8 [57,59] |
49.90 [31] |
| PH | 3.20–4.21 [41] |
3.14–4 [29,35,41,43,51] |
2.76–4.66 [57,59] |
3.90–5.2 [11,31,55,56] |
| Ash content (g/100 g) | 0.03 [43,50,60] |
0.19 [43,61,62] |
0.01–0.66 [59] |
0.68–2.33 [11,55] |
| Water activity | 0.57 [57] |
0.64 [57] |
0.73–0.79 [57] |
0.54 [56] |
|
Electrical conductivity
(mS/cm) |
0.53 [43,50,60] |
0.75–1.37 [35,43,51,62] |
0.26–8.77 [57,59] |
0.53 [11] |
| HMF (mg/kg) | 48–400 [43,50,60] |
46.17 [43,62] |
8.80–69 [43] |
18.48–31.74 [63] |
| Apparent reducing sugar content (%) | 75.8–76% [41,43] |
67.50–67.60% [41,43,61] |
54.90–87.00 [43] |
4.03–4.39 [11] |
| Sucrose (g/100 g) | 1.66–2.98 [64] |
0.01–1.66 [29] |
0.01–1.26 [29] |
0.7122–5.50 [55,65] |
| Glucose (g/100 g) | 36.20 [61] |
30.07–47–134 [29] |
8.10–31.00 [29] |
25.7–30.0 [55,65] |
| Fructose (g/100 g) | 40.00 [61] |
41.732–44.56 [29] |
15–40.20 [29] |
35.4–38 [55,65] |
| Maltose (g/100 g) | 1.20 [61] |
4.491 [29] |
5.73–27.41 [29] |
2.99–6.50 [65] |
| Protein Content (g/kg) | 5.02–5.06 [64] |
3.6–6.6 [29] |
3.9–8.5 [29] |
1.5–4.09 [55,65] |
| Sodium (mg/kg) | 49.21–49.29 [66] |
268.23–704.5 [29] |
0.012–589.7 [29] |
259.3 [55] |
| Potassium (mg/kg) | 49.84–49.86 [66] |
976.9–1576.40 [29,61] |
0.07–732.2 [29] |
2176.4 [55] |
| Calcium (mg/kg) | 19.67–19.85 [66] |
76.4–165.10 [29,61] |
0.017–191.9 [29] |
353.1 [55] |
| Iron (mg/kg) | 49.04–49.14 [66] |
11.17–128.13 [29] |
6.5 [29] |
114.7 [55] |
| Magnesium (mg/kg) | 49.9–49.92 [66] |
35.03–71.04 [29,61] |
0.004–33.8 [29] |
418.2 [55] |
| Zinc (mg/kg) | 19.78–19.84 [66] |
2.28–13.20 [29] |
2.162 [29] |
5.2 [55] |
| Arsenic (mg/kg) | 9.38–9.44 [66] |
0.015–0.062 [29] |
0.019 [29] |
Not detected [55] |
| Lead (mg/kg) | 9.11–9.23 [66] |
0.183–0.231 [29] |
0.154 [29] |
Not detected [55] |
| Cadmium (mg/kg) | 9.87–9.91 [66] |
0.004 [29] |
0.002 [29] |
Not detected [55] |
| Copper (mg/kg) | 49.41–49.55 [66] |
1.25–2.144 [29] |
1.776 [29] |
Not detected [55] |
| Cobalt | 19.62–19.8 [66] |
0.033–0.002 [29] |
Not report found | Not detected [55] |
| Total phenolic content (mg/kg) | 429.61 [64] |
251.7–1103.94 [29] |
477.30–614.7 [29] |
212.4–520.34 [65] |
| Total flavonoid content | 97.62 [64] |
49.04–185 [29] |
36.3 [29] |
42.5 [67] |