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Physiological redox balance and oxidative stress. Under physiological conditions, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the antioxidative capacity are in a balance. An increased production of ROS, e.g., by NADPH oxidase (NOX) isoforms 1, 2 and 5, which is not compensated by antioxidative defense mechanisms like the different superoxide dismutase (SOD) isoforms, can lead to oxidative stress. Created with BioRender.com.
