Table 3.
Individual components of the score according to oxidative balance score tertiles.
| Oxidative Balance Score | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Men | Women | ||||||||||
| Variables | T1 (n = 1923) |
T2 (n = 1757) |
T3 (n = 2115) |
p * | T1 (n = 798) |
T2 (n = 779) |
T3 (n = 1087) |
p * | T1 (n = 1125) |
T2 (n = 978) |
T3 (n = 1028) |
p * |
| Saturated fatty acid, g/day | 8.3 ± 4.4 | 10.5 ± 6.0 | 13.3 ± 8.4 | <0.001 | 8.7 ± 4.0 | 10.6 ± 6.0 | 12.9 ± 7.4 | <0.001 | 7.9 ± 4.6 | 10.4 ± 6.0 | 13.8 ± 9.3 | <0.001 |
| omega-6 PUFA intake, g/day | 7.7 ± 4.2 | 8.8 ± 5.7 | 9.3 ± 5.4 | <0.001 | 7.6 ± 3.8 | 8.8 ± 5.6 | 8.9 ± 5.0 | <0.001 | 7.8 ± 4.4 | 8.8 ± 5.8 | 9.7 ± 5.9 | <0.001 |
| Total iron intake, mg/day | 15.3 ± 6.1 | 19.0 ± 8.6 | 23.8 ± 11.3 | <0.001 | 16.2 ± 6.2 | 19.2 ± 8.6 | 23.4 ± 10.0 | <0.001 | 14.7 ± 6.1 | 18.8 ± 8.5 | 24.3 ± 12.5 | <0.001 |
| Copper intake, μg/day | 1082.0 ± 821.5 | 1288.9 ± 892.7 | 1504.6 ± 916.4 | <0.001 | 1168.1 ± 856.4 | 1294.4 ± 926.5 | 1398.1 ± 840.4 | <0.001 | 1020.9 ± 790.5 | 1284.6 ± 865.3 | 1617.3 ± 978.3 | <0.001 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| Current smoker | 520 (27.0%) | 390 (22.2%) | 366 (17.3%) | 466 (58.4%) | 374 (48.0%) | 363 (33.4%) | 54 (4.8%) | 16 (1.6%) | 3 (0.3%) | |||
| Former smoker | 259 (13.5%) | 257 (14.6%) | 353 (16.7%) | 242 (30.3%) | 250 (32.1%) | 350 (32.2%) | 17 (1.5%) | 7 (0.7%) | 3 (0.3%) | |||
| Never smoker | 1144 (59.5%) | 1110 (63.2%) | 1396 (66.0%) | 90 (11.3%) | 155 (19.9%) | 374 (34.4%) | 1054 (93.7%) | 955 (97.6%) | 1022 (99.4%) | |||
| Drinking status, n (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| Heavy drinker | 259 (13.5%) | 172 (9.8%) | 127 (6.0%) | 229 (28.7%) | 162 (20.8%) | 121 (11.1%) | 30 (2.7%) | 10 (1.0%) | 6 (0.6%) | |||
| Mild-to-moderate drinker | 790 (41.1%) | 654 (37.2%) | 738 (34.9%) | 448 (56.1%) | 417 (53.5%) | 547 (50.3%) | 342 (30.4%) | 237 (24.2%) | 191 (18.6%) | |||
| Non-drinker | 874 (45.4%) | 931 (53.0%) | 1250 (59.1%) | 121 (15.2%) | 200 (25.7%) | 419 (38.5%) | 753 (66.9%) | 731 (74.7%) | 831 (80.8%) | |||
| Obesity status, n (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| Obese | 1230 (64.0%) | 794 (45.2%) | 516 (24.4%) | 498 (62.4%) | 346 (44.4%) | 278 (25.6%) | 732 (65.1%) | 448 (45.8%) | 238 (23.2%) | |||
| Overweight | 452 (23.5%) | 443 (25.2%) | 632 (29.9%) | 176 (22.1%) | 198 (25.4%) | 319 (29.3%) | 276 (24.5%) | 245 (25.1%) | 313 (30.4%) | |||
| Normal weight | 241 (12.5%) | 520 (29.6%) | 967 (45.7%) | 124 (15.5%) | 235 (30.2%) | 490 (45.1%) | 117 (10.4%) | 285 (29.1%) | 477 (46.4%) | |||
| Abdominal obesity, n (%) | 909 (47.3%) | 533 (30.3%) | 292 (13.8%) | <0.001 | 274 (34.3%) | 190 (24.4%) | 113 (10.4%) | <0.001 | 635 (56.4%) | 343 (35.1%) | 179 (17.4%) | <0.001 |
| omega-3 PUFA intake, g/day | 1.1 ± 0.7 | 1.3 ± 0.9 | 1.5 ± 0.9 | <0.001 | 1.1 ± 0.6 | 1.3 ± 0.9 | 1.5 ± 0.9 | <0.001 | 1.1 ± 0.7 | 1.3 ± 0.9 | 1.6 ± 1.0 | <0.001 |
| Vitamin C intake, mg/day | 79.5 ± 59.3 | 123.7 ± 102.4 | 182.1 ± 133.8 | <0.001 | 74.2 ± 42.4 | 109.1 ± 83.8 | 158.4 ± 113.6 | <0.001 | 83.2 ± 68.6 | 135.3 ± 113.7 | 207.1 ± 148.2 | <0.001 |
| Vitamin E intake, mg/day | 9.7 ± 4.3 | 13.6 ± 6.8 | 18.3 ± 9.1 | <0.001 | 10.5 ± 4.2 | 13.7 ± 6.7 | 17.6 ± 7.7 | <0.001 | 9.1 ± 4.3 | 13.5 ± 7.0 | 19.0 ± 10.4 | <0.001 |
| Selenium intake, μg/day | 32.3 ± 19.4 | 47.2 ± 28.9 | 66.3 ± 41.6 | <0.001 | 37.1 ± 20.2 | 49.5 ± 30.8 | 65.7 ± 34.9 | <0.001 | 28.9 ± 18.0 | 45.3 ± 27.1 | 66.8 ± 47.8 | <0.001 |
| Beta-carotene intake, μg/day | 2074.7 ± 1488.3 | 3385.7 ± 2861.2 | 5062.3 ± 4270.2 | <0.001 | 2288.7 ± 1756.2 | 3508.6 ± 3073.5 | 4866.7 ± 3861.9 | <0.001 | 1922.9 ± 1242.9 | 3287.8 ± 2677.6 | 5269.2 ± 4656.2 | <0.001 |
| Zinc intake, mg/day | 10.5 ± 3.4 | 12.4 ± 4.7 | 14.8 ± 5.7 | <0.001 | 10.7 ± 3.1 | 12.5 ± 4.7 | 14.7 ± 5.1 | <0.001 | 10.3 ± 3.5 | 12.3 ± 4.7 | 15.0 ± 6.3 | <0.001 |
| Physical activity, n (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| Low (<7.5 METs-hr/wk) | 230 (12.0%) | 103 (5.9%) | 78 (3.7%) | 89 (11.2%) | 28 (3.6%) | 36 (3.3%) | 141 (12.5%) | 75 (7.7%) | 42 (4.1%) | |||
| Moderate (7.5–30 METs-hr/wk) | 1198 (62.3%) | 1098 (62.5%) | 1193 (56.4%) | 527 (66.0%) | 485 (62.3%) | 590 (54.3%) | 671 (59.6%) | 613 (62.7%) | 603 (58.7%) | |||
| High (>30 METs-hr/wk) | 495 (25.7%) | 556 (31.6%) | 844 (39.9%) | 182 (22.8%) | 266 (34.1%) | 461 (42.4%) | 313 (27.8%) | 290 (29.7%) | 383 (37.3%) | |||
* p value for the comparison of the baseline characteristics among sex-specific tertile groups of oxidative balance score at baseline survey. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Abbreviations: PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid.