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. 2023 Feb 16;12(2):501. doi: 10.3390/antiox12020501

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Mechanisms underlying muscle fatigue development in response to high intramuscular ROS/RNS concentration. Increased ROS/RNS levels can influence muscle force production through: (1) enhanced extracellular K⁺ and reduced membrane excitability, (2) the oxidation/nitrosylation of RyR1 and sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca²⁺ ATPase (SERCA) to affect Ca²⁺ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and clearance in skeletal muscle, (3) changes in Ca²⁺-sensitivity and cross-bridge kinetics, (4) mitochondrial Ca²⁺ overload and mitochondrial ROS emission, and (5) lowered ATP production.