Figure 5.

Schematic diagram of L-DOPA and atremorine against MPTP-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Atremorine has an antioxidant impact, including inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS), restoration of total ROS levels, and a significant improvement in total antioxidant capacity. Atremorine inhibits the ubiquitin-proteasome system and accumulation of α-synuclein to regulate dopamine/L-Dopa levels in the brain and exhibits neuroprotective effects. Dopamine levels can also be regulated by direct supplementation with L-DOPA.