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. 2023 Feb 2;11(2):431. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11020431

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The role of TMAO in human health. TMAO has been associated with an enhanced immune response, which is involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases, such as cardiovascular and neurological diseases. An elevated level of TMAO has been linked to kidney disorders; metabolic syndrome; obesity; type 2 diabetes; MAFLD; cardiovascular diseases; neurological diseases; cancer; and, recently, severe cases of COVID-19. Arrows indicates increased (upper arrow) or decreased processes (lower arrow) (Created with canva.com and BioRender.com).