Table 2.
Repair mechanisms of BER and NER.
| Causing Damage | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ROS, alkylating agents, and UV | UV and ROS | ||
| Injuries | |||
| 8-OHdG, 8-oxodG, alkylated bases, or mismatch bases | Pyrimidine dimers bulky lesions |
||
| BER | NER | ||
| Recognition of the damage | Recognition of the damage | ||
| Short patch pathway | Long patch pathway | GG | TC |
| Bifunctional glycosylases OGG1, NTH, NEIL1, NEIL2, and NEIL3 |
Monofunctional glycosylases UNG, MUTY, MBD4, MPG, and SMUG |
Complex Cul4-DDB (XPE): RBX1, Cul4, DDB1, DDB2 Complex XPC: XPC, HR23B, CETN2 |
Complex Cul4-CSA: RBX1, Cul4, DDB1, CSA, CSB |
| Chain excision sugar removal | Relaxed DNA | ||
| APE1 and APE2 | APE1 and APE2 | Complex TFIIH: CDK7, XPB, TFIIH1, MNAT1, XPD, TFIIH2, CCNH, TTDA, TFIIH3, TFIIH4, | XPG, XPA, and RPA |
| Synthesis | Incision, excision, and synthesis of DNA Incision: XPF and ERCC1 Excision: PCNA, RFC Synthesis: Polδ and Polε |
||
| Dpol, XRCC1, Lig3 | Dpol, PCNA, Polδ, Polβ, Polε, Fen1 | ||
| Ligation Lig1 | |||
ROS: Reactive oxygen species; BER: OGG1: 8-oxoguanina DNA glicosilasa; NTH: Nth-like DNA glycosylase 1; NEIL1: Nei-like DNA glycosylase 1; NEIL2: Nei-like DNA glycosylase 2; NEIL3: Nei-like DNA glycosylase 3; UNG: Uracil DNA glycosylase; MUTY: MutY DNA glycosylase; MBD4: Methyl-CpG binding domain 4 DNA glycosylase; MPG: N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase; SMUG: Single-strand-selective monofunctional uracil-DNA glycosylase 1; APE 1 and 2: Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 and 2; Dpol: Polimerase DNA; XRCC1: X-ray repair cross complementing 1; Lig3: DNA ligase 3; PCNA: Proliferating cell nuclear antigen; Polδ, Polβ, Polε: DNA polimerase; FEN1: Flap endonuclease-1; NER: RBX1: Ubiquitin-protein ligase RBX1; CUL4: Cullin 4; DDB1: DNA damage-binding protein 1; DDB2: DNA damage-binding protein 2; XPC: Complex subunit, DNA damage recognition and repair factor; HR23B: Homolog B, nucleotide excision repair protein; CETN2: Centrin-2; RBX1: E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RBX1; CSA: DNA excision repair protein ERCC-8; CSB: DNA excision repair protein ERCC-6; CDK7: Cyclin-dependent kinase 7; XPB: DNA excision repair protein ERCC-3; TFII1–4: Transcription initiation factor TFIIH subunit 1–4; MNAT1: CDK-activating kinase assembly factor MAT1; CCNH: Cyclin H; TTDA: TFIIH basal transcription factor complex TTD-A subunit; XPG: DNA excision repair protein ERCC-5; XPA: DNA-repair protein complementing XPA cells; RPA: Replication factor A1; XPF: DNA excision repair protein ERCC-4; ERCC1: DNA excision repair protein ERCC-1; RFC: Replication factor C subunit 1. Database Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEEG).