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Possible molecular targets of escin’s anti-cancer mechanisms. Abbreviations: BS—binding site, NF-κB—Nuclear factor kappa B, ERK1/2—extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, Bcl-2—B-cell lymphoma 2 proteins, BAX—BCL2-associated X, Bcl-xL—X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (xIAP), VEGF—vascular epidermal growth factor, MAPKs—p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases, IκBα—cytoplasmic inhibitory protein of NF-κB, STAT3—signal transducer and activator of transcription protein 3.
