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. 2023 Feb 3;11(2):448. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11020448

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) manifests by inflamed airways and damaged lung tissue. Smoking cigarettes is the most common cause of COPD; however, other factors can be involved. COPD includes chronic bronchitis (inflammation of the bronchial tubes that causes a persistent cough) and emphysema (damage of the air sacs).