. 2023 Feb 2;11(2):443. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11020443

Table 2.

Crude and adjusted ORs (95% CI) for the association between periodontitis (CPI ≥ 3) and multiple air pollution factors.

Variables	CPI ≥ 3 Periodontitis Case Definition
Variables	Crude	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
Humidity, 5% increase	0.95 (0.91/1.00)	0.94 (0.89/0.99) *	0.94 (0.90/0.99) *	0.92 (0.87/0.97) *	0.92 (0.86/0.97) *
PM₁₀, 5 μg/m³ increase	1.17 (1.11/1.23) *	1.20 (1.14/1.27) *	1.17 (1.11/1.24) *	1.18 (1.11/1.26) *	1.19 (1.12/1.27) *
Ozone, 0.005 ppm increase	1.14 (1.01/1.29) *	1.09 (0.96/1.24)	1.14 (1.00/1.30) *	1.18 (1.11/1.26) *	1.16 (0.98/1.37)
Nitrogen dioxide, 0.003 ppm increase	0.91 (0.88/0.94) *	0.91 (0.87/0.94) *	0.93 (0.89/0.96) *	0.92 (0.88/0.96) *	0.92 (0.87/0.96) *
Sulfur dioxide, 0.005 ppm increase	1.37 (1.08/1.74) *	1.39 (1.10/1.77) *	1.28 (1.00/1.65) *	1.29 (0.96/1.73)	1.29 (0.96/1.73)

OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; CPI: Community Periodontal Index; PM: particulate matter; ppm: parts per million. Model 1: adjusted for age and gender. Model 2: Model 1 + adjustment for smoking, educational level and income. Model 3: Model 2 + adjustment for area of residence, marital status, BMI, AUDIT score and hypertension. Model 4: Model 3 + adjustment for frequency of toothbrushing, use of interproximal toothbrush and stress. * p < 0.05.