Table 3.
Crude and adjusted ORs (95% CI) for the association between periodontitis (CPI = 4) and multiple air pollution factors.
| Variables | CPI = 4 Periodontitis Case Definition | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
| Humidity, 5% increase | 1.01 (0.95/1.08) | 0.99 (0.93/1.06) | 0.99 (0.93/1.07) | 1.01 (0.93/1.10) | 1.01 (0.93/1.10) |
| PM10, 5 μg/m3 increase | 1.10 (1.02/1.17) * | 1.11 (1.04/1.19) * | 1.08 (1.00/1.16) * | 1.04 (0.96/1.13) | 1.06 (0.97/1.15) |
| Ozone, 0.005 ppm increase | 1.30 (1.09/1.56) * | 1.27 (1.06/1.53) * | 1.25 (1.04/1.51) * | 1.12 (0.90/1.41) | 1.32 (1.07/1.64) * |
| Nitrogen dioxide, 0.003 ppm increase | 0.93 (0.88/0.99) | 0.95 (0.89/1.00) | 0.95 (0.90/1.01) | 0.95 (0.89/1.02) | 0.98 (0.91/1.05) |
| Sulfur dioxide, 0.005 ppm increase | 1.18 (0.88/1.59) | 1.14 (0.85/1.53) | 1.06 (0.78/1.45) | 1.07 (0.74/1.54) | 1.17 (0.80/1.69) |
OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; CPI: Community Periodontal Index; PM: particulate matter; ppm: parts per million. Model 1: adjusted for age and gender. Model 2: Model 1 + adjustment for smoking, educational level and income. Model 3: Model 2 + adjustment for area of residence, marital status, BMI, AUDIT score and hypertension. Model 4: Model 3 + adjustment for frequency of toothbrushing, use of interproximal toothbrush and stress. * p < 0.05.