Table 2.
Biological characteristics of CC chemokine functions in IPF.
| CCLs | Source Cells |
Target Cells |
Functions | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CCL1 | AMφ | Monocyte, Mφ, Lymphocyte, Fibroblast |
Immune cell trafficking; Fibroblast recruitment; Fibroblast activation |
[19,20,91,110,111,112] |
| CCL2 | AEC, Fibroblast |
Monocyte, Mφ, Fibroblast |
Mφ and fibroblast activation; Monocyte recruitment; TGFβ1 upregulation; Profibrotic hallmarks enhancement |
[27,32,36,37,38] |
| CCL3 | Mφ, Granulocyte | Granulocyte, T-lymphocyte, Mφ | Mφ and fibrocyte recruitment; Profibrotic factors enhancement |
[25,47,50,51,52,113,114] |
| CCL4 | Elusive | Granulocyte, T-lymphocyte, Mφ | Immune cell recruitment | [47,114,115] |
| CCL5 | Epithelial cell | Granulocyte, Lymphocyte, Mφ, Fibroblast | Elusive | [53,54,55,116] |
| CCL7 | Fibroblast | Granulocyte, Monocyte, Lymphocyte, Dendritic cell | Immune cell activation | [55,57] |
| CCL8 | Fibroblast | Granulocyte, Monocyte, Lymphocyte | Immune cell activation | [57,64] |
| CCL17 | Epithelial cell | Mφ, Lymphocyte | Mφ and lymphocyte activation | [49,71,72,73,74,75,76] |
| CCL18 | AMφ | Fibroblast | Marker of alternative Mφ activation; Fibroblast activation; Collagen enhancement |
[83,90,91,92,117,118,119,120,121,122] |
| CCL21 | Fibroblast | Fibroblast | Fibroblast activation; Enhancement of other chemokines |
[62,99] |
| CCL22 | Elusive | AMφ | Mφ and lymphocyte activation | [49,71,72,73,74,75,76] |
| CCL24 | Elusive | Granulocyte, Fibroblast | Fibroblast activation | [100,102,104,123,124] |
Mφ: macrophage; AMφ: alveolar macrophage; AEC: alveolar epithelial cell.