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. 2023 Feb 1;11(2):428. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11020428

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Effect of melatonin and exercise on cardiac oxidative stress-related markers in isoproterenol-challenged rats. (A) ROS, reactive oxygen species; (B) MDA, malondialdehyde; (C) SOD, superoxide dismutase; (D) GSH, glutathione. The data are reported as the mean ± SEM (n = 10). * p < 0.05 and *** p < 0.001 versus the NC group. # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, and ### p < 0.001 versus the IC group calculated through one-way ANOVA followed by the post hoc Bonferroni test. NC, normal control; EC, exercise control group; MC, melatonin control group; MEC, melatonin plus exercise control group; IC, isoproterenol control group; EI, exercise plus isoproterenol-challenged group; MI, melatonin plus isoproterenol-challenged group; MEI, melatonin and exercise plus isoproterenol-challenged group. ROS, reactive oxygen species; MDA, malondialdehyde; SOD, superoxide dismutase; GSH, glutathione.