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. 2023 Feb 1;11(2):428. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11020428

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effect of melatonin and exercise on histopathological changes in heart tissue. H&E staining was performed and visualized under a light microscope at ×200 magnification (n = 4 per group). Micrograph shows that tissue necrosis and inflammatory infiltration are markedly elevated in the IC group, whereas these are effectively controlled by combined action of melatonin and exercise, as shown in the MEI group, representing their cardio-protective effect. * p < 0.05 and *** p < 0.001 versus the NC group. ### p < 0.001 versus the IC group calculated through the Bonferroni post hoc test following one-way ANOVA. NC, normal control; IC, isoproterenol control group; EI, exercise plus isoproterenol-challenged group; MI, melatonin plus isoproterenol-challenged group; MEI, melatonin and exercise plus isoproterenol-challenged group. Scale bar, 100 μm.