. 2023 Feb 5;11(2):461. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11020461

Table 3.

Structure, sources, and extraction methods of some representative mushroom-derived indole alkaloids.

Indole Type	Alkaloid	Fungal Sources	Extraction Methods	Ref.
Tryptamines	psilocybin	Psilocybe, Panaeolus, Gymnopilus, Copelandia, Agrocybe, Hyboloma, Galerina, Gerronema, Pluteus, Inocybe, Conocybe, Panaeolia.	Dry fungal biomass in the dark and at temperatures below 25 °C. Maceration or UAE with methanol or methanol with 0.5% (v/v) acetic acid at 25 °C, avoiding direct light. Homogenize samples during extraction using a vortex at 13 xG for 2 h. Re-extraction of the biomass using methanol under the conditions of temperature, agitation, and light as previously described.	[35,56,59,60,61]
	R=H norbaeocystin R=CH₃ baeocystin	Conocybe cyanopus, C. smith, Panaeolus cyanescens, Inocybe spp., Psilocybe spp.		[35]
	aeruginasin	Inocybe aeruginascens		[56,62]
	bufotenine	Amanita citrina, A. porphyria, A. rubescens	Dried or fresh fungal biomass. Soxhlet extraction with methanol or maceration with 50% methanol with mechanical homogenization.	[35,63,64]
β-carbolines	R=H harmane R=OH harmol R=OCH₃ harmine	Psilocybe mexicana, P. cyanescens, P. semilanceata and P. cubensis	Lyophilized and grounded fungal biomass saturated with HCl 0.1 M. Extracted with dichloromethane (1:1 v/v). The aqueous phases basified pH 12 with NaOH and are extracted with dichloromethane.	[50]
	(R)-cordysinin C (S)-cordysinin D	Cordyceps sinensis and P. mexicana		[50]
	β-Carboline-1-propanoic acid	Boletus curtisii and Cortinarius brunneus	Lyophilized fruiting bodies extracted with aqueous MeOH (80%) using an ultrasound bath for 1h at room temperature. The resultant extract concentrated to dryness in a vacuum.	[55,65]
	brunnein A	Agrocybe sp. and C. brunneus	Lyophilized and powdered fruiting bodies. Maceration with methanol under mechanical homogenization (1 h, 60 °C and 175 rpm).	[47,65]
Ergot	lysergol	Claviceps spp.	Grounded and homogenized samples. Maceration with organic basified solvents (DCM, chloroform, acetonitrile) using solvent ratios from 1:3 to 1:10 (w/v). Mechanical homogenization through vortexing or shaking (30–90 min) Organic extracts could be partitioned and pre-concentrated using solid-phase extraction (SPE).	[52,66,67]
	paspalic acid	C. paspali
	ergonovine	C. purpurea