TABLE B1.
Complete baseline characteristics of a cohort of older adults dispensed trazodone or zopiclone (number [n] =3,002)
| Characteristic | Trazodone (n=1403) | Zopiclone (n=1599) | Crude p Value | Weighted p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DEMOGRAPHICS | ||||
|
| ||||
| Year of cohort entry, n (%) | ||||
| 2010 | 93 (6.6) | 275 (17.2) | <.01 | .01 |
| 2011 | 103 (7.3) | 216 (13.5) | ||
| 2012 | 112 (8.0) | 222 (13.9) | ||
| 2013 | 144 (10.3) | 188 (11.8) | ||
| 2014 | 135 (9.6) | 169 (10.6) | ||
| 2015 | 204 (14.5) | 170 (10.6) | ||
| 2016 | 179 (12.8) | 134 (8.4) | ||
| 2017 | 203 (14.5) | 121 (7.6) | ||
| 2018 | 230 (16.4) | 104 (6.5) | ||
|
| ||||
| Age at cohort entry, mean (SD) | 85.8 (7.3) | 85.6 (7.5) | .44 | .35 |
|
| ||||
| Female, n (%) | 859 (61.2) | 991 (62.0) | .67 | .11 |
|
| ||||
| Weight (kg), mean (SD) | 65.9 (39.0) | 68.3 (44.4) | .02 | .64 |
|
| ||||
| Dependency in ≥1 ADLs, n (%) | 1001 (99.9) | 1592 (99.6) | .22 | .33 |
|
| ||||
| Dependency in ADLs, mean (SD) | 5.7 (0.7) | 5.6 (0.8) | <.01 | .09 |
|
| ||||
| HEALTH-CARE UTILIZATION | ||||
|
| ||||
| Prescriptions in last year, mean (SD) | 12.6 (6.8) | 14.2 (7.5) | <.01 | .97 |
|
| ||||
| Emergency department visits in last year, n (%) | 905 (64.5) | 1149 (71.9) | <.01 | .22 |
|
| ||||
| Psychiatrist visits in last year, n (%) | 451 (32.2) | 315 (19.7) | <.01 | .2 |
|
| ||||
| Geriatrician visits in last year, n (%) | 30 (2.1) | 21 (1.3) | .08 | .23 |
|
| ||||
| Inpatient hospitalizations in 30 days prior to exposure drugs, n (%) | 780 (55.6) | 1035 (64.7) | <.01 | .04 |
|
| ||||
| Hospitalization in 30 days prior to exposure drugs, n (%) | 71 (5.1) | 127 (7.9) | <.01 | .02 |
|
| ||||
| Nursing home admission in 30 days prior to exposure drugs, n (%) | 509 (36.3) | 560 (35.0) | .47 | .05 |
|
| ||||
| MEDICATIONS | ||||
|
| ||||
| Antihypertensives, n (%) | 793 (56.5) | 1028 (64.3) | <.01 | <.01 |
|
| ||||
| Anticoagulants, n (%) | 256 (18.3) | 364 (22.8) | <.01 | .71 |
|
| ||||
| Antidepressants, n (%) | 603 (43.0) | 652 (40.8) | .22 | .46 |
|
| ||||
| Anticonvulsants, n (%) | 194 (13.8) | 282 (17.6) | <.01 | .88 |
|
| ||||
| Antipsychotics, n (%) | 601 (42.8) | 474 (29.6) | <.01 | .07 |
|
| ||||
| Cholinesterase inhibitors, n (%) | 292 (20.8) | 255 (16.0) | <.01 | .57 |
|
| ||||
| Memantine, n (%) | 66 (4.7) | 26 (1.6) | <.01 | .69 |
|
| ||||
| Antiplatelet agents, n (%) | 583 (41.6) | 733 (45.8) | .02 | .37 |
|
| ||||
| Antiarrhythmics, n (%) | 496 (35.4) | 712 (44.5) | <.01 | .65 |
|
| ||||
| Antiparkinsonian agents, n (%) | 101 (7.2) | 126 (7.9) | .48 | .31 |
|
| ||||
| Osteoporosis medications, n (%) | 235 (16.8) | 328 (20.5) | <.01 | .65 |
|
| ||||
| Diuretics, n (%) | 378 (26.9) | 569 (35.6) | <.01 | .76 |
|
| ||||
| Glucocorticoids, n (%) | 109 (7.8) | 169 (10.6) | <.01 | .42 |
|
| ||||
| Hormone therapies, n (%) | 42 (3.0) | 41 (2.6) | .47 | 0.86 |
|
| ||||
| Antihyperglycemic medications, n (%) | 240 (17.1) | 299 (18.7) | .26 | .39 |
|
| ||||
| NSAIDs, n (%) | 100 (7.1) | 147 (9.2) | .04 | .65 |
|
| ||||
| Opioids, n (%) | 173 (12.3) | 240 (15.0) | .03 | .61 |
|
| ||||
| Antilipemics, n (%) | 444 (31.7) | 547 (34.2) | .14 | .81 |
|
| ||||
| Acid reflux medications, n (%) | 550 (39.2) | 725 (45.3) | <.01 | .03 |
|
| ||||
| Urinary incontinence treatments, n (%) | 250 (17.8) | 352 (22.0) | <.01 | <.01 |
|
| ||||
| MEDICAL HISTORY | ||||
|
| ||||
| Alcohol use disorder, n (%) | 90 (6.4) | 82 (5.1) | .13 | .06 |
|
| ||||
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter, n (%) | 548 (39.1) | 791 (49.5) | <.01 | .94 |
|
| ||||
| Cerebrovascular disease, n (%) | 271 (19.3) | 378 (23.6) | <.01 | .82 |
|
| ||||
| Delusions or hallucinations, n (%) | 122 (8.7) | 82 (5.1) | <.01 | .11 |
|
| ||||
| Depression, n (%) | 634 (45.2) | 723 (45.2) | .99 | .89 |
|
| ||||
| Dementia, n (%) | 1261 (89.9) | 1177 (73.6) | <.01 | .04 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 384 (27.4) | 464 (29.0) | .32 | .45 |
| Injurious falls, n (%) | 400 (28.5) | 441 (27.6) | .57 | .94 |
|
| ||||
| Major osteoporotic fracture, n (%) | 293 (20.9) | 377 (23.6) | .08 | .53 |
|
| ||||
| Heart failure, n (%) | 251 (17.9) | 420 (26.3) | <.01 | .51 |
|
| ||||
| Unsteady gaita, n (%) | 1308 (93.2) | 1532 (95.8) | <.01 | .51 |
|
| ||||
| Hearing impairmentb, n (%) | 710 (50.6) | 792 (49.5) | .56 | .06 |
|
| ||||
| Myocardial Infarction, n (%) | 42 (3.0) | 102 (6.4) | <.01 | <.01 |
|
| ||||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 1012 (72.1) | 1267 (79.2) | <.01 | .49 |
|
| ||||
| Chronic liver disease, n (%) | 10 (0.7) | 12 (0.8) | .90 | .97 |
|
| ||||
| Malignancyb, n (%) | 108 (7.7) | 109 (6.8) | .35 | .52 |
|
| ||||
| Parkinsonism, n (%) | 115 (8.2) | 143 (8.9) | .47 | .37 |
|
| ||||
| Peripheral vascular diseaseb, n (%) | 45 (3.2) | 75 (4.7) | .04 | .83 |
|
| ||||
| Psychotic disorder, n (%) | 83 (5.9) | 98 (6.1) | .81 | .77 |
|
| ||||
| Rheumatoid arthritis, n (%) | 21 (1.5) | 32 (2.0) | .30 | .27 |
|
| ||||
| Seizure disorder, n (%) | 52 (3.7) | 65 (4.1) | .61 | .62 |
|
| ||||
| Visual impairmentb, n (%) | 1148 (81.8) | 1299 (81.2) | .68 | .59 |
|
| ||||
| Wheelchair ambulationb, n (%) | 863 (61.5) | 1080 (67.5) | <.01 | .49 |
|
| ||||
| Charlson comorbidity index, mean (SD) | 2.5 (2.1) | 3.1 (2.5) | <.01 | .1 |
|
| ||||
| PERFORMANCE SCALES | ||||
|
| ||||
| Cognitive performance scale, n (%) | ||||
| mild | 284 (20.2) | 674 (42.2) | <.01 | .15 |
| moderate | 841 (59.9) | 721 (45.1) | ||
| severe | 278 (19.8) | 204 (12.8) | ||
|
| ||||
| Aggressive behavior scale, n (%) | ||||
| none | 473 (33.7) | 887 (55.5) | <.01 | .17 |
| mild-moderate | 591 (42.1) | 540 (33.8) | ||
| severe | 339 (24.2) | 172 (10.8) | ||
|
| ||||
| Depression rating scale, n (%) | ||||
| no depressive symptoms | 744 (53.0) | 1018 (63.7) | <.01 | .47 |
| depressive symptoms | 659 (47.0) | 581 (36.3) | ||
a
<1% missing data.
b
4% missing data.
ADL = activities of daily living; kg = kilogram; NSAIDs = nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; n = number; SD = standard deviation.