Table 1.
Patient groups and clinical characteristics.
| Characteristics | Controls (n = 40) | Acute HFpEF (n = 9) | Chronic HFpEF (n = 9) | HCM (n = 15) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 72.43 ± 6.4 | 73.4 ± 13.3 | 64.6 ± 10.6 | 50.7 ± 13.6 |
| Female (no. [%]) | 13 (37.1) | 4 (44.4) | 3 (33.3) | 3 (20) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.6 ± 5.3 | 32 ± 4.4 | 28 ± 2.5 | 25.9 ± 4.1 |
| EF (%) | n/a | 57.6 ± 10.9 | 57.4 ± 8.0 | 64.5 ± 3.8 |
| NYHA Class | n/a | I/II/III | I/II | I/II |
| Diabetes n (%) | 20 (54) | 5 (56) | 2 (22) | 0 (0) |
| NT-proBNP (ng/mL) | n/a | 13.8 ± 20.9 | 2.3 ± 3.0 | 3.2 ± 3.0 |
| FKBPL (ng/mL) | 1.26 ± 0.3 | 1.8 ± 0.6 | 1.5 ± 0.9 | 1.6 ± 0.8 |
| Gal-3 (ng/mL) | n/a | 10.9 ± 6.6 | 8.5 ± 4.5 | 7.5 ± 4.6 |
| Echocardiography measurement | ||||
| EDD (mm) | n/a | 55.0 ± 11.6 | 52.8 ± 6.9 | 47.5 ± 5.5 |
| ESD (mm) | n/a | 37 ± 9.6 | 35.3 ± 8.2 | 28.9 ± 4.2 |
| IVST (mm) | n/a | 12.3 ± 2.9 | 12.4 ± 2.4 | 17.9 ± 2.3 |
| PWT (mm) | n/a | 11.7 ± 2.1 | 12.1 ± 1.5 | 9.3 ± 1.7 |
| Medications | ||||
| Aspirin (no. [%]) | n/a | 7 (78) | 4 (44) | 1 (7) |
| Purinergic receptor antagonists (no. [%]) | n/a | 5 (56) | 3 (33) | 0 |
| Statins (no. [%]) | n/a | 6 (67) | 3 (33) | 2 (13) |
| Isosorbide mononitrate (no. [%]) | n/a | 3 (33) | 1 (11) | 0 |
| Beta-blockers (no. [%]) | n/a | 9 (100) | 6 (67) | 14 (93) |
| ACE-inhibitors (no. [%]) | n/a | 7 (78) | 5 (56) | 4 (27) |
| Diuretics (no. [%]) | n/a | 4 (44) | 4 (44) | 4 (27) |
| Calcium channel blockers (no. [%]) | n/a | 3 (33) | 2 (22) | 1 (7) |
| Warfarin (no. [%]) | n/a | 1 (11) | 1 (11) | 0 |
| Amiodarone (no. [%]) | n/a | 0 | 0 | 1 (7) |
| PPIs (no. [%]) | n/a | 4 (44) | 3 (33) | 0 |
| Trimetazidine (no. [%]) | n/a | 1 (11) | 1 (11) | 0 |
| Molsidomine (no. [%]) | n/a | 1 (11) | 1 (11) | 0 |
| Spironolactone (no. [%]) | n/a | 0 | 3 (33) | 0 |
| Allopurinol (no. [%]) | n/a | 0 | 1 (11) | 0 |
| Aminophylline (no. [%]) | n/a | 0 | 2 (22) | 0 |
n/a—not applicable; BMI, body mass index; HF, heart failure; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; EDD, end-diastolic dimension; EF, ejection fraction; ESD, end-systolic dimension; IVST, intraventricular septal thickness; PWT, posterior wall thickness; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; and NYHA, New York Heart Association Functional Classification; PPIs, proton pump inhibitors.