Table 7.

Summary of clinical trials which experimented with the activity of propolis and its constituents against CVD.

Propolis Source	Study Design	Dose	Measured Outcome	References
Water extract of propolis (CAPE and other flavonoids)	In vitro, platelet-rich plasma	25 to 300 mg/L	Blocked the process of platelet aggregation	[109]
Propolis water solution (propolis from Lithuania)	Male Wistar rat model	63 and 125 μg/mL	Reduced rate of cardiac mitochondrial state 2 respiration with NAD-specific pyruvate and malate substrate Reduced rate of cardiac mitochondrial state 3 respiration with FAD-specific succinate substrate No change in outer mitochondrial membrane	[108]
Total flavonoids of propolis	In vivo, chronic heart failure (CHF) model rats	Low, middle and high doses continuing for 6 weeks of treatment	Improved expression of protein connexin 43 Declined level of inflammatory cytokines; apoptosis in heart cells	[110]
Total flavonoids of propolis	In vivo, mice model	25 mg/kg per day and 50 mg/kg per day continuing for 7 days of treatment	Reduced body weight with maintained lipids content	[114]
Populus (raw material of propolis, north China)	Hypercholesterolemia rabbit model	125 mg/kg per day, 250 mg/kg per day, continuing for 6 weeks of treatment	Reduced body weight with maintained lipids content, declined level of inflammatory cytokines	[111]