Table 1.

Known pathophysiological links between obstructive sleep apnea and cancer.

Cell Dysfunction
Macrophage polarization
Natural killer T-cell deficiency
CD8 + T cells lymphocyte dysfunction
CD3 + gd-T-cell dysfunction
Stem-cell-like properties
Peripheral dendritic cell depletion
Biomarkers
VEGF and other pro-angiogenic molecules
TGF-beta 1
TNF-alpha
Tryptophan metabolism
Cyclooxigenase-2 pathway
Cannabinoid receptors
Soluble PD-L1
Endostatin
Endothelin-1 (and receptors)
Oxidative stress molecules
Paraspeckle protein-1 upregulation
Genetic
Glucose metabolism genes
HIF-1 gene expression (and variants)
Common key genes in OSA and cancer
Micro-RNA-320b and others
NF-kB factor genes
Other links
Exosomes
Microbiota