Table 2.
Characteristics of analyzed patients according to ARAT severity classification.
| Characteristics | Recovery Capacity on the ARAT | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Poor | Limited | Notable | Full | ||
| Patients (n) | 275 (30) | 167 (18) | 269 (30) | 84 (9) | 112 (12) | |
| Age (years) | 63 (53, 70) | 66 (54, 71) | 61 (52, 69) | 64 (55, 70) | 63 (54, 69) | |
| Sex | Female | 109 (40) | 58 (35) | 75 (28) | 29 (35) | 26 (23) |
| Male | 166 (60) | 109 (65) | 194 (72) | 55 (65) | 86 (77) | |
| Paralyzed hand | Left | 129 (47) | 74 (44) | 108 (40) | 39 (46) | 45 (40) |
| Right | 146 (53) | 93 (56) | 161 (60) | 45 (54) | 67 (60) | |
| Dominant hand | Left | 19 (7) | 3 (2) | 9 (3) | 5 (6) | 5 (6) |
| Right | 256 (93) | 163 (98) | 259 (96) | 79 (94) | 79 (94) | |
| Bilateral | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Laterality in the paretic and dominant hand | Ipsilateral side | 136 (49) | 76 (46) | 112 (42) | 40 (48) | 47 (42) |
| Contralateral side | 139 (51) | 91 (54) | 157 (58) | 44 (52) | 65 (58) | |
| Diagnosis | CI | 145 (53) | 89 (53) | 138 (51) | 47 (56) | 46 (41) |
| ICH | 130 (47) | 78 (47) | 131 (49) | 37 (44) | 66 (59) | |
| Time from onset (months) | 45 (27, 70) | 40 (24, 63) | 34 (19, 66) | 37 (21, 78) | 39 (18, 63) | |
| rTMS stimulation method | Low frequency | 222 (81) | 124 (74) | 206 (77) | 67 (80) | 89 (79) |
| High frequency | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
| Theta burst | 52 (19) | 43 (26) | 63 (23) | 17 (20) | 23 (20) | |
| Treatment by botulinum toxin A or xylocaine | Treatment | 2 (0.7) | 1 (0.6) | 2 (0.7) | 1 (1) | 1 (1) |
| No treatment | 273 (99) | 166 (99) | 267 (99) | 83 (99) | 111 (99) | |
| Pre-treatment ARAT score | Total | 4 (3, 6) | 16 (13, 18) | 30 (26, 36) | 48 (45, 51) | 57 (56, 57) |
| Pre-treatment JASMID score | Quantity | 20 (19, 26) | 28 (20, 38) | 41 (28, 58) | 60 (40, 77) | 73 (59, 91) |
| Quality | 20 (20, 25) | 26 (20, 35) | 25 (37, 51) | 48 (36, 63) | 63 (48, 78) | |
Values are presented as n (%) or median (25th, 75th percentile). ARAT, Action Research Arm Test; CI, cerebral infarction; ICH, intracranial hemorrhage; rTMS, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; JASMID, Jikei Assessment Scale for Motor Impairment in Daily Living. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation was set at 1 Hz for low-frequency stimulation, 10 Hz for high-frequency stimulation, and theta-burst as an alternative method. Pre-treatment ARAT scores of 0–10 indicate no upper limb capacity, scores of 11–21 represent poor capacity, scores of 22–42 represent limited capacity, scores of 43–54 represent notable capacity, and scores of 55–67 represent full upper limb capacity. Total patients, n = 907.