Figure 2.

The pathogenic mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases and neuroprotective effects of different forms of vitamin D3 in experimental models of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Ab—amyloid b; BDNF—brain-derived neurotrophic factor; DA—dopamine; DAT—dopamine transporter; DOPAC—3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid; GDNF—glial-derived neurotrophic factor; HVA—homovanillic acid; NGF—nerve growth factor; ROS—reactive oxygen species; Syn—synuclein; TH—tyrosine kinase; VDR— the vitamin D receptor.