Table 3.
Effects of vitamin D in experimental models of Parkinson’s disease—in vitro studies.
| PD Models | Vitamin D Administration | Effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Glutamate, 6-OHDA and MPP+-induced toxicity in rat mesencephalic culture | calcitriol (10–100 nM) | ↑ cell viability | [162] |
| H2O2 and 6-OHDA-induced damage of primary cultures of rat ventral mesencephalon | calcitriol (0.1 n)/on 7DIV/before toxins | ↑ cell viability | [163] |
| BSO and MPP+-induced neurotoxicity in rat cultured mesencephalic neurons | calcitriol (1–100 nM) | ↑ neuron survival and neurite extension, ↓ ROS and gluthatione depletion |
[164] |
| L-DOPA-induced neural stem cells (NSCs) injury | calcitriol (10–1000 nM) | ↓ free radicals, ↑ cell viability and proliferation, ↑ prosurvival signaling, including activation of the PI3K pathway, and reducing oxidative stress |
[165] |
| Rotenone-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells | calcitriol (2.5–10 μM) | ↓ reactive oxygen species levels, ↑ levels of intracellular signaling proteins associated with cell survival; ↑ levels of autophagy markers (LC3, beclin-1, and AMPK) |
[166] |
| Rat primary fetal ventral mesencephalic cultures of dopamine neurons | calcitriol (100 pM-100 nM)/7 days | ↑ numbers of rat primary dopamine neurons ↑ GDNF expression ↓ dopamine neurons apoptosis |
[167] |
| α-Syn-induced aggregation in SH-SY5Y cells | α-Syn oligomers +vitamin D (4 μM)/36 h | ↑ cell viability ↓ cytotoxicity of α-syn oligomers ↓ α-Syn aggregation ↓ ROS |
[168] |
AMPK-5′AMP—activated protein kinase; BSO—buthionine sulfoximine; GDNF—glial cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor; LC3—microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3; MPP+-1—methyl-4-phenylpyridinium; 6-OHDA—6-hydroxydopamine; PD—Parkinson’s Disease; ROS—reactive oxygen species; α-syn—α-synuclein.