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. 2023 Feb 17;15(4):1287. doi: 10.3390/cancers15041287

Table 1.

Population case-control analysis of serum IGF-1 and local IGF-1R expression in PCa.

Study Population Region PCa Risk/Stage/Survival Related to IGF-1 or IGF-1R Expression Main Conclusion References
152 PCa cases and 152 control subjects (median age = 60) United States

  1. PCa risk has a strong, positive association with IGF-1 levels (RR = 4.3);

  2. The increased risk associated with IGF-1 was stronger among the older men (age ≥ 60);

  3. No significant difference in IGF-1 for high-grade/stage and for low-grade/stage cancers.

  1. IGF-1 is a significant independent predictor of PCa risk;

  2. PSA has a weak, positive association with IGF-1 levels.

 [20]
(Science,1998)
630 PCa cases and 630 control subjects (median age = 65) Europea

  1. Serum IGF-1 concentration is mildly associated with PCa risk (OR = 1.39);

  2. The association of serum IGF-1 concentration with risk was slightly stronger for advanced-stage disease (OR = 1.76).

  1. A weak positive association between IGF-1 concentration and overall PCa risk.

 [19]
(Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2007)
1709 PCa cases and 1778 control subjects United States

  1. Plasma IGF-1 is associated with increased risk of PCa (OR = 1.28);

  2. Higher IGF-1 was more significantly positively associated with risk of low-grade PCa, but not intermediate- or high-grade PCa.

  1. Being high in IGF-1 and can elevate the risk of PCa.

 [22]
(Int J Cancer, 2015)
793 PCa cases underwent radical prostatectomy and 272 men with negative prostate biopsy
(mean age = 65)		 Korea

  1. High serum IGF-1 was associated with a high risk of localized prostate cancer (OR = 3.35) but not the risk of advanced pathologic stage (p = 0.911);

  2. High serum IGF-1 levels are associated with a low risk of high surgical GS (OR = 0.464);

  3. Serum IGF-1 levels are significantly correlated with serum bioavailable testosterone levels (r = 0.157).

  1. Serum IGF-1 may represent a valuable marker of surgical GS.

 [34]
(Cancer Med, 2018)
156 PCa cases (median age = 67) and 271 control subjects
(median age = 69)		 Austria

  1. Serum levels of IGF-1 have no correlation to serum PSA, Gleason score, and number of positive biopsy cores.

  1. Quantification of IGF-1 levels may not provide useful information in the diagnosis of PCa.

 [32]
(European Urology, 2005)
72 PCa cases and 50 control subjects
(median age = 67)		 Unknown

  1. Patients with higher IGFBP-1 levels have a shorter time to the development of CRPC;

  2. A higher serum IGF level in itself does not seem to adversely affect the time to CRPC.

  1. Elevated IGFBP-1 seems to be associated with shorter time to CRPC and lower overall survival in men with metastatic PCa.

 [23]
(Prostate, 2014)
753 PCa cases in various stages (median age = 66) United Kingdom

  1. IGF1R expression is significantly higher in tumor tissue compared with normal-appearing tissue but not GS or pathologic/clinical tumor stage;

  2. Strong IGF-1R expression is associated with a borderline significantly increased risk of lethal PCa (HR = 1.7).

  1. IGF signaling in prostate tumors plays a role in the progression of prostate cancer.

 [28]
(Carcinogenesis, 2018)
360 patients underwent surgery for PCa or BPH
(median age = 68) 		Japan

  1. IGF-1R was more expressed in patients with PCa compared to the BPH (100% vs. 0%);

  2. IGF-1R positivity was higher in Ki-67 + (78.6% vs. 45.5%) in INS R-α + (84.4% vs. 59.8%) and INSR-β + (9.4% vs. 1.5%) tissues.

  1. IGF-1R is associated with greater tumor aggressiveness in PCa patients with diabetes.

 [29]
(Translational Research, 2021)
130 patients with PCa
(median age = 63)		 United Kingdom

  1. IGF-1R expression significant increase in cancerous versus benign tissue (p < 0.001);

  2. No significant difference in IGF-1 levels and IGF-1R expression between non-BCR and BCR patients (p = 0.576 or 0.149).

  1. Tissue proteins (PTEN/ INSR/IGF-1R) may help patients select postoperative adjuvant therapy and prevent BCR.

 [13]
(Prostate, 2017)
136 patients with PCa (median age = 69) Japan

  1. Higher-grade tumors (primary GS = 4–5) contain significantly more IGF-1R than lower-grade tumors (primary GS = 3) (p = 0.004);

  2. The risk of overall recurrence was significantly greater in men whose prostate cancers contained high total- and cytoplasmic- IGF-1R (p = 0.002).

  1. Evaluation of IGF-1 inhibition as a novel route to radiosensitization of prostate cancers that express high total- or cytoplasmic- IGF-1R.

 [42]
(British Journal of Cancer, 2017)
215 patients of PCa with bone metastasis (median age = 70) or 111 patients of PCa with bone metastasis (median age = 70.6) United Kingdom

  1. Cancer-specific survival was significantly associated with the CA repeat polymorphism (p = 0.013);

  2. Patients with at least one C-T haplotype showed significantly worse survival compared with those who had no C-T haplotype (p = 0.0003)

  3. The median survival time was 41 months and 61 months for patients with and without the long allele of the IGF-1 polymorphism, respectively (p = 0.019);

  1. Polymorphisms of the IGF-1 especially C-T haplotype are associated with worse survival of PCa patients with bone metastasis at initial diagnosis and may be a novel predictor in PCa patients with bone metastasis.

 [3,43]
(BMC Cancer, 2013) (J Clin Oncol, 2006)

Abbreviations: RR, relative risk; OR, odds ratio; PCa, prostate cancer; CRPC, castration-resistant prostate cancer; BPH, benign prostatic hyperplasia; IGF-1R, insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor; INSR-β, insulin receptor-β; GS, Gleason score; BCR, biochemical recurrence; PTEN, gene of phosphate and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten.