Table 2.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria via PICOS.

PICOS Criteria	Inclusion Criteria	Exclusion Criteria
P (population)	Patients diagnosed with an anxiety or stress-related disorder using the DSM-5 classification system Patients aged >18 years (adults) Patients of any biological sex, ethno-racial, and gender identity	Patients not diagnosed with an anxiety or stress-related disorder according to the DSM-5 classification system Patients aged < 18 years (children and adolescents)
I (intervention)	Breathwork interventions or techniques or exercises	Non-breathwork interventions or techniques or exercises Breathwork interventions or techniques or exercises combined with movement (e.g., yoga or Pilates) or techniques (meditation or visualization) Breathwork interventions or techniques or exercises combined with other interventions (dietary changes or supplementation, exercise, etc.)
O (outcome)	Study year, study design, study source/location, condition, number of patients, intervention type, intervention regimen, measures, cognitive outcomes, behavioral outcomes, and quality of life outcomes	Not applicable
S (study design)	Clinical trials Controlled clinical trials Non-randomized or randomized clinical trials Articles published in the English language	Articles that do not include clinical trials, controlled clinical trials, or non-randomized or randomized clinical trials Student dissertations or theses Conference abstracts or articles Methodology, protocol, or technical note papers Reviews (narrative, systematic, scoping, or meta-analysis) Editorials, commentaries, or opinion pieces Case reports or case series Articles without full texts Articles not published in the English language