Table 2.
Roles of PPAR agonists/antagonists in bacterial infections.
| Pathogen | Drug/Reagent | Function | Study Model | Mechanism of Action | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Escherichia coli | 5-aminosalicylic acid | PPARγ agonist | DSS-induced murine colitis model, Pparg-deficient mice, CaCo-2 cells | Amelioration of a respiration-dependent luminal expansion of E. coli | [104] |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | Pioglitazone | PPARγ agonist | In vivo mouse model | Reduction of cytokines and myeloperoxidase levels in the lungs | [105] |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Pioglitazone | PPARγ agonist | In vivo mouse model | Increased pro-inflammatory cytokines with enhanced expression of genes involved in glycolysis | [107] |
| Chlamydia pneumoniae | Rosiglitazone | PPARγ agonist | THP-1 macrophages, HEp-2 cells | Regulation of Cpn induced macrophage-derived foam cell formation by upregulating SR-A1 an ACAT1, and downregulating ABCA1/G1 expression via PPARα/γ signaling | [108] |
| Fenofibrate | PPARα agonist | ||||
| GW9662 | PPARγ antagonist | ||||
| MK886 | PPARα antagonist | ||||
| Citrobacter rodentium | PAR5359 | PPARα/γ-dual-agonist | Citrobacter rodentium- and DSS-induced murine colitis model, IBD patient-derived PBMCs | Enhanced bacterial clearance, controlled production of ROS and cytokines, anti-inflammatory/healing | [109] |
| Rickettsia conorii | GW9662 | PPARγ antagonist | THP-1 macrophages | Increased intracellular survival of bacteria | [112] |
Abbreviations: ABCA1/G1, ATP binding cassette transporters A1/G1; ACAT1, acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase 1; Cpn, Chlamydia pneumonia; DSS, Dextran sulfate sodium; IBD, Inflammatory bowel disease; PBMCs, Peripheral blood mononuclear cells; ROS, Reactive oxygen species; SR-A1, scavenger receptor A1.