EXHIBIT 4. Percent of US postgraduate medical resident trainees active during 2014–19 with no debt, by graduation year, stratified by race and ethnicity.

source Authors’ analysis of trainee data from the Medical School Graduation Questionnaire and the Graduate Medical Education Track Resident Survey, both administered by the Association of American Medical Colleges. note Differences in debt prevalence over time differed by race and ethnicity (p < 0.001).