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. 2023 Feb 14;13(4):715. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics13040715

Table 1.

Summarized biomarkers characterized by location found, utility, and CRS subtype. * Studies performed in murine model only. † Studies involving use of biologic therapy (e.g., monoclonal antibodies).

Diagnosis Prognosis Treatment
Eosinophil count
Blood EosCRSwNP [11], EosCRS [12] EosCRS [15], CRS [16]
Tissue CRS [22,23] CRSwNP [18,20,21,22,24], CRS [22,23,25], EosCRSwNP [26]
Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
Serum CRS [27], EosCRS [29] CRSwNP [30] †
Tissue EosCRS [31] CRSwNP [32,33,34,35] CRSwNP [30] †
Nasal secretions CRSwNP [38] CRSwNP [39] †
Eosinophil granule proteins (EGPs)

  • Eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP)

Serum CRSwNP [44], EosCRS [45] CRS [46]
Nasal secretions CRS [47]

  • Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN)

Serum EosCRS [45]

  • Eosinophil peroxidase (EPX)

Tissue CRS [52]
Periostin
Serum CRSwNP [55,56,57], EosCRSwNP [58] EosCRS [55,59], CRSwNP [56]
Tissue CRS [60], EosCRSwNP [61], CRSwNP [55]
Interleukins (ILs)

  • IL-5

Tissue EosCRS [31,63,64], CRS [65] CRSwNP [32,35,66], EosCRS [64]
Nasal secretions CRS [67] CRSwNP [70,71] †, CRS [65] †

  • IL-5/13

Nasal secretions CRS [75], CRSwNP [75]

  • IL-4/13

NA CRSwNP [76] †

  • IL-16

Tissue EosCRS [77]

  • IL-25

Tissue CRSwNP [78] CRSwNP [78,79] CRSwNP * [81] †

  • IL-33

Tissue CRSwNP [82,84] CRSwNP [83,84] CRSwNP * [84] †

  • Oncostatin M

Tissue CRSwNP [86]
Eotaxin
Plasma EosCRS [89] CRSwNP [39] †
Tissue CRSwNP [34], EosCRS [88]
Nitric oxide (NO)
Nasal exhalation CRSwNP [92,93,96], CRSsNP [94], CRS [95] CRSwNP [92,93,95,96,97] CRS [93,97,98,99]
Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)
Tissue CRSwNP [101,102,103,104] CRS [105]
Nasal secretions CRS [106] CRSwNP [107], CRS [108]
P-glycoprotein (P-gp)
Tissue CRSwNP [110,111]
Nasal secretions CRSwNP [112], CRS [112] CRSwNP [113]
Glucocorticoid receptor ß (GRß)
Tissue CRSwNP [114,116]
Mucin
Tissue CRSwNP [119,120]
Taste receptors
NA CRS [121,122] CRSsNP [123]

Legend: Blood/Serum/Plasma biomarkers: highlighted in orange. Tissue biomarkers: highlighted in green. Nasal secretions/exhalation product biomarkers: highlighted in blue. Existing knowledge gaps in literature: highlighted in grey.