| OOD | Out-of-distribution |
| ERM | Empirical risk minimization |
| IRM | Invariant risk minimization |
| IB-ERM | Information bottleneck-based empirical risk minimization |
| IB-IRM | Information bottleneck-based invariant risk minimization |
| CSIB | Counterfactual supervision-based information bottleneck |
| DAG | Directed acyclic graph |
| SEM | Structure equation model |
| SVD | Singular value decomposition |
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