Table 1.
Organization of the literature of hope in adolescence by world region.
| Author(s) | Country and Sub-Population | Mean Age and/or Age Range (Years) | Role of Hope (Predictor, Outcome, Mediator, Moderator) |
|---|---|---|---|
| U.S. Minority Groups | |||
| Adelabu, 2008 [39] | U.S. African Americans | Mean age = 15; Range: 12–20 | Predictor |
| Cedeno, Elias, Kelly, and Chu, 2010 [31] | U.S. African Americans | Mean age = 10.20 | Moderator |
| Davis-Maye and Perry, 2007 [40] | U.S. African Americans | Mean age = 13.56; Range: 9–19 | Outcome |
| Dixson, Keltner, Worrell, and Mello, 2018 [41] | U.S. Hispanic Americans or Latinos, African Americans, Asian Americans | Mean age = 15.02; Range: 14–17 | Mediator |
| Edwards, Ong, and Lopez, 2007 [42] | U.S. Mexican Americans | Mean age = 14.22; Range: 11–15 | Validation of CHS |
| Harley, 2015 [43] | U.S. African Americans | Mean age = 14.88; Range: 13–17 | Outcome * |
| McCoy and Bowen, 2015 [44] | U.S. African Americans and Latinos | Mean age = 17.2; Range: 15.6–19.9 | Outcome |
| Roesch, Duangado, Vaughn, Aldridge, and Villodas, 2010 [45] | U.S. Latinos, Asian Americans, African Americans, bi-racial, and Native Americans | Mean age = 15.5; Range: 14–18 | Predictor |
| Shadlow, Boles, Roberts, and Winston, 2015 [46] | U.S Native Americans | Mean age = 10.52; Range: 8–14 | Validation of CHS |
| Twyford, Dowdly, and Sharkey, 2014 [47] | U.S. Latinos | Mean age = 15.82 | Outcome |
| Vela, Lenz, Sparrow, and Gonzalez, 2017 [48] | U.S. Latinos | Mean age = 14.47 | Predictor |
| Europe | |||
| Alfieri, Quartiroli, and Baumann, 2021 [49] | Italy | Mean age = 16.07; Range: 12–18 | Validation of CHS |
| Falanga, De Caroli, Sagone, and Indiana, 2020 [50] | Italy | Mean age = 17.60 | Outcome |
| Jovanovic, 2013 [38] | Serbia | Mean age = 16.10; Range: 14–18 | Validation of CHS |
| Marques, Lopez, and Pais-Ribeiro 2011 [51] | Portugal | Mean age = 10.96; Range: 10–12 | Outcome |
| Marques, Lopez, and Mitchell, 2013 [52] | Portugal | Mean age = 16.28; Range: 15–19 | Predictor |
| Marques, Pais-Ribeiro, and Lopez, 2011 [53] | Portugal | Mean age = 11.7 | Validation of CHS |
| Martins, Crespo, Salvador, Santos, Carona, and Canavarro, 2018 [54] | Portugal | Mean age = 13.29; Range: 8–19 | Predictor |
| Merkas and Brajsa-Zganec, 2011 [55] | Croatia | Mean age = 12.7; Range: 10–15 | Predictor |
| Santilli, Marcionetti, Rochat, Rossier, and Nota, 2017 [56] | Italy, Switzerland | Mean age = 14.35 | Mediator |
| Africa | |||
| Guse and Vermaak, 2011 [57] | South Africa | Mean age = 15.1 | Predictor |
| Guse, de Bruin, and Kok, 2015 [58] | South Africa | Mean age = 15.90; Range: 13–16 | Validation of CHS |
| Isaacs and Savahl, 2014 [59] | South Africa | Range: 14–15 | Moderator * |
| Nalkur, 2009 [60] | Tanzania | Mean age = 14.52; Range: 12–18 | Outcome * |
| Savahl, Isaacs, Adams, Carels, and September, 2013 [61] | South Africa | Mean age = 15.04; Range: 13–17 | Predictor |
| Wilson and Somhlaba, 2016 [62] | Ghana | Range: 17–22 | Outcome * |
| Oceania | |||
| Ciarrochi, Heaven, and Davies, 2007 [63] | Australia | Mean age = 12.30 | Predictor |
| Ciarrochi, Parker, Kashdan, Heaven, and Barkus, 2015 [64] | Australia | Mean age = 12.41 | Predictor |
| Heaven and Ciarrochi, 2008 [65] | Australia | Mean age = 12.30 | Outcome |
| Phan, 2013 [66] | Fiji Islands | Mean age = 14.30 | Outcome |
| Middle East | |||
| Braun-Lewensohn and Sagy, 2010 [67] | Israel | Mean age = 15.23; Range: 12–18 | Outcome |
| Celik, Cetin, and Tutkun, 2015 [68] | Turkey | Mean age = 12.32; Range: 9–15 | Outcome |
| Karababa, 2020 [69] | Turkey | Mean age = 12.8; Range: 11–14 | Moderator |
| Kemer and Atik, 2012 [70] | Turkey | Range: 14–19 | Outcome |
| Khodarahimi, 2014 [71] | Iran | Mean age = 14.69; Range: 11–19 | Outcome |
| Sadeghi, Barahmand, and Roshannia, 2020 [72] | Iran | Mean age = 16.36; Range: 14–19 | Outcome |
| Sagy and Adwan, 2006 [73] | Israel, Palestine | 10th and 12th graders | Outcome |
| Sahin-Baltaci, 2018 [74] | Turkey | Mean age = 12.76; Range: 12–14 | Outcome |
| Asia | |||
| Bernardo, 2010 [75] | Philippines | Range: 16–23 | Predictor |
| Botor, 2019 [76] | Philippines | Mean age = 17 | Predictor |
| Chai, Kwok, and Gu, 2018 [77] | China–Hong Kong | Mean age = 10.06; Range: 8–13 | Moderator |
| Chui and Wong, 2017 [78] | China–Hong Kong | Mean age = 14.2; Range: 10–19 | Outcome |
| Izzaty and Ayriza, 2021 [79] | Indonesia | Mean age = 16.04; Range: 12–19 | Outcome |
| Kwok and Gu, 2019 [80] | China–Hong Kong | Mean age = 13.86; Range: 10–18 | Moderator |
| Ling, Huebner, Fu, Zeng, and He, 2016 [21] | China | Mean age = 15.85; Range: 13–18 | Predictor |
| Ling, Huebner, Liu, Liu, Zhang, and Xiao, 2015 [81] | China | Mean age = 15.85; Range: 14–17 | Predictor |
| Nazam and Husain, 2021 [82] | India | Mean age = 15.89; Range: 12–19 | Validation of CHS |
| Nie, Teng, Bear, Guo, Liu, and Zhang, 2018 [83] | China | Mean age = 15.89; Range: 14–18 | Mediator |
| Wong and Lim, 2009 [84] | Singapore | Mean age =15.6 | Predictor |
| Xiang et al., 2022 [85] | China | Mean age = 16.45; Range: 11–24 | Mediator |
| Yang et al., 2021 [86] | China | Mean age = 12.45; Range: 11–14 | Validation of CHS |
| Yeung, Ho, and Mak, 2015 [87] | China–Hong Kong | Mean age = 15.19 | Predictor |
Note. * = Qualitative Method.