Table 2.

Emerging diagnostic methods for prostate cancer detection and management (articles from the last 5 years).

Method	Evidence/Aim	Reference
PSMA radioligand targeted therapy and molecular imaging	Evidence: Molecular imaging techniques detect PCa lesions that are occult on anatomic imaging. PSMA radioligand therapy shows promising response rates with low toxicity in extensively pre-treated patients with PCa. Aim: Theragnostic applications—diagnosis, management, and treatment of metastatic PCa.	[92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100]
EVs	Evidence: EVs can mediate PCa progression and metastasis. EVs have great potential to be used as liquid biopsy biomarkers in the diagnosis of PCa. EVs can be used in risk stratification and to predict the response to hormonal, chemo-, immune- and targeted therapy. Aim: Diagnosis and treatment. Can be used to personalize and guide treatment decisions.	[76,87,89,101,102,103,104,105]
lncRNAs (PCA3, MALAT1, SChLAP1, BDNF-AS, FALEC)	Evidence: lncRNAs provide new insights into cancer signaling networks, along with novel strategies and methods for PCa diagnosis and treatment. lncRNAs analysis has the potential to improve the specificity and sensitivity of existing biomarkers. Aim: Novel biomarkers (predictive, diagnostic, prognostic) and therapeutic targets.	[106,107,108,109,110,111,112]

Legend: EVs: extracellular vesicles; lncRNAs: long non-coding RNAs; PSMA: molecular targeting of prostate-specific membrane antigen.