Table 3.
Students’ sleep, depression, cognitive measures, and post-hoc pairwise comparisons per academic year.
| Measure | 1 1 | 1 vs. 2 3 | 1 vs. 3 3 | 1 vs. 4 3 | 2 1 | 2 vs. 3 3 | 2 vs. 4 3 | 3 1 | 3 vs. 4 3 | 4 1 | H | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Daytime sleepiness | 6.75 (4.49) | 2570.00 (0.03) | 2584.00 * (0.21) | 2194.00 * (0.22) | 6.85 (4.12) | 3666.50 * (0.02) | 3150.50 * (0.20) | 8.47 (3.78) | 5240.00 (0.02) | 8.70 (4.52) | 10.00 | 0.019 |
| Sleep quality 2 | 3.51 (2.48) | 2289.00 (0.14) | 2363.50 ** (0.28) | 1977.50 ** (0.32) | 4.05 (2.20) | 3653.00 (0.16) | 3076.00 * (0.19) | 4.94 (2.59) | 5145.50 (0.06) | 6.89 (11.70) | 14.65 | 0.002 |
| Dysthymia-state | 25.60 (30.61) | -- | -- | -- | 22.82 (27.93) | -- | -- | 30.21 (31.88) | -- | 32.68 (33.98) | 3.23 | 0.357 |
| Euthymia-state | 86.40 (18.66) | 3066.00 (0.12) | 4193.00 * (0.22) | 2618.00 ** (0.25) | 79.47 (23.63) | 4881.50 (0.08) | 3146.50 (0.11) | 80.08 (20.69) | 3645.50 (0.06) | 74.47 (25.87) | 8.08 | 0.045 |
| State total score | 74.29 (20.47) | -- | -- | -- | 69.05 (21.06) | -- | -- | 70.81 (16.88) | -- | 70.26 (15.51) | 3.83 | 0.280 |
| Dysthymia-trait | 19.08 (29.47) | -- | -- | -- | 19.41 (24.97) | -- | -- | 24.59 (28.48) | -- | 22.67 (29.05) | 3.66 | 0.300 |
| Euthymia-trait | 79.92 (23.57) | -- | -- | -- | 74.51 (24.60) | -- | -- | 76.74 (26.96) | -- | 74.12 (25.62) | 4.80 | 0.187 |
| Trait total score | 65.54 (24.20) | -- | -- | -- | 60.56 (18.45) | -- | -- | 64.08 (21.66) | -- | 62.59 (19.16) | 3.52 | 0.318 |
| Inductive reasoning | 40.8 (32.96) | -- | -- | -- | 36.85 (25.63) | -- | -- | 36.88 (22.33) | -- | 37.47 (26.29) | 0.14 | 0.986 |
| Reading comprehension | 41.67 (25.47) | -- | -- | -- | 34.95 (25.86) | -- | -- | 35.37 (20.81) | -- | 34.11 (26.46) | 3.25 | 0.355 |
| Problem-solving | 35.05 (26.74) | 2984.00 (0.00) | 2055.00 * (0,30) | 2429.00 (0.07) | 33.71 (19.86) | 2896.00 *** (0.39) | 2758.50 (0.07) | 51.49 (21.7) | 2438.00 *** (0.39) | 32.52 (26.1) | 28.24 | <0.001 |
| Number and calculation | 32.49 (25.39) | 2317.50 (0.01) | 2044.50 *** (0.34) | 1887.00 * (0.23) | 33.88 (25.54) | 3123.00 *** (0.31) | 2897.50 (0.18) | 50.47 (26.02) | 3081.00 (0.12) | 43.71 (25.15) | 19.80 | <0.001 |
1 Mean (SD). 2 Higher score means lower sleep quality. 3 Wilcoxon rank-sum (effect size r). Abbreviations: 1 = 1st year; 2 = 2nd year; 3 = 3rd year; 4 = 4th year. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.