Table 3.
Clinical value of 3D-printed CHD models in the surgical planning of CHD surgery. Modified from Sun and Wee [37].
| Author | Study Design | Sample Size and Participants | Original Data Source | Application in CHD | Key Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Valverde et al. [40] | Prospective multicenter study | Forty patients with complex CHD. | CT and MRI | Three-dimensional-printed models of 19 DORV and 21 other types of CHD. |
The surgical decision was changed in 47.5% cases with aid of 3D-printed models. |
| Chen et al. [63] | Cross-sectional study | Five patients with (PA with VSD or MAPCA | Echocardiography and CT | Three-dimensional-printed models and VR/MR in surgical outcomes. | Three-dimensional-printed models assisted surgeons to pre-operatively analyse surgery plans, while VR facilitated understanding of intracardiac structures. |
| Gomez-Ciriza et al. [21] | Cross-sectional study | Forty-three participants | CT and MRI | One hundred thirty-eight low-cost 3D-printed models were developed for surgical planning and interventional simulations. | Use of 3D-printed models has a positive impact on CHD surgery with initial surgical plan modified in 47.5% of the cases after reviewing the models. |
| Guo et al. [64] | Cross-sectional study | Surgeon, patients and nonmedical professionals | CT | Seven HOCM models were printed for surgical management and pre-operative conversation. | Three-dimensional-printed models were useful for surgical planning and pre-operative communication. |
| Kiraly et al [23] |
Cross-sectional study | Single center team learning experience of 3D-printed models in pediatric surgeries | CT | Fifteen models of pediatric patients with CHD and their impact on complex CHD surgeries. | Three-dimensional-printed models significantly contributed to improved surgical plans with intracardiac repair modified in 13 out of 15 cases. |
| Ryan et al. [65] | Cross-sectional study | Single center experience of 3D-printed models in CHD | CT and MRI | One hundred sixty-four models were printed for various purposes. | Three-dimensional-printed models contributed to a mean reduction in overall time when compared with standard of care, although the reductions did not reach significant differences. |
| Zhao et al. [66] | Cross-sectional study | Twenty-five patients with DORV | CT | Use of 3D-printed models in pre-operative repair of complex DORV. | Three-dimensional-printed models significantly reduced operating time and improved postoperative outcomes (p < 0.05). |
| Ghosh et al. [67] | Cross-sectional study | Single center three-year experience with 112 3D-printed CHD models for pre-operative planning. | MRI and CT | Use of 3D-printed models in pre-procedural planning of CHD. | Demand for the use of 3D-printed models in clinical practice has tripled over a three-year period. Incorporation of 3D printing technology into pre-procedural care of pediatric CHD surgeries is feasible. |
ASD—atrial septal defect; CHD—congenital heart disease; CT—computed tomography; DORV—double outlet right ventricle; HOCM—hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy; MRI—magnetic resonance imaging; NA—not available; PA—pulmonary atresia; MAPCA—major aortopulmonary collateral arteries; Soc—standard of care; VR—virtual reality; VSD—ventricular septal defect.